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Article

Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet

1
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
2
Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
3
Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15773, Greece
4
Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
5
TEAMHealth, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
6
Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2015, 13(2), 996-1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020996
Submission received: 9 October 2014 / Revised: 27 January 2015 / Accepted: 6 February 2015 / Published: 13 February 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Functional Food Products - Cardiovascular Diseases)

Abstract

Background: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD’s positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. Results: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD—4.7 kg, KDO3—4.03 kg, body fat KD—5.41 kg, KDO3—5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. Conclusions: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.
Keywords: inflammatory cytokines; ketogenic diet; weight loss; cardiovascular risk factors; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; omega-3 inflammatory cytokines; ketogenic diet; weight loss; cardiovascular risk factors; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; omega-3
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MDPI and ACS Style

Paoli, A.; Moro, T.; Bosco, G.; Bianco, A.; Grimaldi, K.A.; Camporesi, E.; Mangar, D. Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020996

AMA Style

Paoli A, Moro T, Bosco G, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA, Camporesi E, Mangar D. Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet. Marine Drugs. 2015; 13(2):996-1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020996

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paoli, Antonio, Tatiana Moro, Gerardo Bosco, Antonino Bianco, Keith A. Grimaldi, Enrico Camporesi, and Devanand Mangar. 2015. "Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet" Marine Drugs 13, no. 2: 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020996

APA Style

Paoli, A., Moro, T., Bosco, G., Bianco, A., Grimaldi, K. A., Camporesi, E., & Mangar, D. (2015). Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet. Marine Drugs, 13(2), 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020996

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