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Marine Drugs
Volume 22
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10.3390/md22010030
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Article

Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection

by
Reem Binsuwaidan
1,
Thanaa A. El-Masry
2,*,
Mostafa El-Sheekh
3,
Mohamed G. Seadawy
4,
Mofida E. M. Makhlof
5,
Shaimaa M. Aboukhatwa
6,
Nagla A. El-Shitany
2,
Kadreya E. Elmorshedy
7,
Maysa M. F. El-Nagar
2,* and
Maisra M. El-Bouseary
8
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
3
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
4
Biological Prevention Department, Egypt Army, Cairo 31527, Egypt
5
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
6
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
7
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
8
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010030
Submission received: 2 October 2023 / Revised: 24 December 2023 / Accepted: 28 December 2023 / Published: 30 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Application of Marine-Derived Carbohydrates)
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Abstract

Marine algal extracts exhibit a potent inhibitory effect against several enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has several adverse effects, including an increased mortality rate. The anti-COVID-19 agents are still limited; this issue requires exploring novel, effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approaches. This study investigated the antiviral activity of an aqueous extract of Ulva lactuca, which was collected from the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. The aqueous extract of Ulva lactuca was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. According to the HPLC analysis, the extract comprises several sugars, mostly rhamnose (32.88%). The FTIR spectra showed numerous bands related to the functional groups. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of different elements, such as oxygen (O), carbon (C), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na), with different concentrations. The aqueous extract of U. lactuca (0.0312 mg/mL) exhibited potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity via virucidal activity, inhibition of viral replication, and interference with viral adsorption (% inhibitions of 64%, 33.3%, and 31.1%, respectively). Consequently, ulvan could be a promising compound for preclinical study in the drug development process to combat SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: antiviral; anti-SARS-CoV-2; Egypt; ulvan; Ulva lactuca antiviral; anti-SARS-CoV-2; Egypt; ulvan; Ulva lactuca

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MDPI and ACS Style

Binsuwaidan, R.; El-Masry, T.A.; El-Sheekh, M.; Seadawy, M.G.; Makhlof, M.E.M.; Aboukhatwa, S.M.; El-Shitany, N.A.; Elmorshedy, K.E.; El-Nagar, M.M.F.; El-Bouseary, M.M. Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010030

AMA Style

Binsuwaidan R, El-Masry TA, El-Sheekh M, Seadawy MG, Makhlof MEM, Aboukhatwa SM, El-Shitany NA, Elmorshedy KE, El-Nagar MMF, El-Bouseary MM. Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010030

Chicago/Turabian Style

Binsuwaidan, Reem, Thanaa A. El-Masry, Mostafa El-Sheekh, Mohamed G. Seadawy, Mofida E. M. Makhlof, Shaimaa M. Aboukhatwa, Nagla A. El-Shitany, Kadreya E. Elmorshedy, Maysa M. F. El-Nagar, and Maisra M. El-Bouseary. 2024. "Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection" Marine Drugs 22, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010030

APA Style

Binsuwaidan, R., El-Masry, T. A., El-Sheekh, M., Seadawy, M. G., Makhlof, M. E. M., Aboukhatwa, S. M., El-Shitany, N. A., Elmorshedy, K. E., El-Nagar, M. M. F., & El-Bouseary, M. M. (2024). Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection. Marine Drugs, 22(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010030

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