Measuring Disability and Its Predicting Factors in a Large Database in Taiwan Using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Development of Disability Registration System in Taiwan
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Case Selection
2.4. Personal Profiles
2.5. Causes of Disability
2.6. Domain and Summary Scores of WHODAS 2.0
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Size
Variables (n = 158,174) | Female (n = 77,736) | Male (n = 80,438) | P Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year ± SD) | 59.35 ± 18.33 | 56.27 ± 18.09 | <0.001 | |
Residence | <0.001 | |||
Urban | 33,185 (46.30%) | 35,131 (43.70%) | ||
Suburban | 23,082 (32.20%) | 26,825 (33.40%) | ||
Rural | 15,468 (21.60%) | 18,478 (23.00%) | ||
Education | <0.001 | |||
No education | 8880 (25.36%) | 2802 (7.13%) | ||
Primary school | 9915 (28.31%) | 10,745 (27.36%) | ||
Above primary school | 16,225 (46.33%) | 25,730 (65.51%) | ||
Socioeconomic status | <0.001 | |||
Normal (≥6122 USD/year) | 18,545 (91.30%) | 21,224 (89.80%) | ||
Middle-low (4082~6122 USD/year) | 804 (4.00%) | 910 (3.90%) | ||
Low (<4082 USD/year) | 973 (4.80%) | 1497 (6.30%) | ||
Work status | <0.001 | |||
Employed | 6692 (9.40%) | 13,574 (17.10%) | ||
Student or volunteer | 916 (1.30%) | 1474 (1.90%) | ||
Housekeeper or retired | 20,928 (29.50%) | 17,776 (22.40%) | ||
Unemployed due to health | 35,155 (49.60%) | 39,375 (49.60%) | ||
Unemployed not due to health | 7226 (10.20%) | 7266 (9.10%) | ||
Severity of impairment | <0.001 | |||
Mild | 29,398 (41.00%) | 34,725 (43.20%) | ||
Moderate | 23,848 (33.20%) | 25,480 (31.70%) | ||
Severe | 9258 (12.90%) | 10,543 (13.10%) | ||
Extreme | 9232 (12.90%) | 9690 (12.00%) |
3.2. WHODAS 2.0 Scores and Causes of Disability
3.3. WHODAS 2.0 Scores and Severity of Impairment
3.4. WHODAS 2.0 Scores and Associated Factors
Cause | Norm (n = 1507) | Schizophrenia (n = 24,602) | Hearing impairment (n = 17,361) | Stroke (n = 15,626) | Dementia (n = 13,400) | Bipolar affective disorder (n = 12,582) | Visual impairment (n = 7099) | Mental Retardation (n = 4458) | Depression (n = 4646) | Spinal cord injury (n = 1234) | Autism (n = 800) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domain | ||||||||||||
Domain 1 | 5.9 ± 11.6 | 35.23 ± 24.97 | 25.61 ± 21.66 | 50.10 ± 34.04 | 70.07 ± 27.24 | 37.77 ± 24.24 | 24.03 ± 23.83 | 41.93 ± 25.31 | 40.60 ± 23.65 | 29.19 ± 31.18 | 37.60 ± 25.61 | |
Domain 2 | 3.4 ± 10.7 | 13.03 ± 19.58 | 16.37 ± 22.54 | 62.42 ± 31.23 | 53.96 ± 33.87 | 21.01 ± 24.15 | 28.60 ± 26.32 | 10.33 ± 18.75 | 23.92 ± 24.24 | 66.79 ± 30.53 | 7.24 ± 15.12 | |
Domain 3 | 0.6 ± 4.7 | 9.99 ± 16.97 | 6.53 ± 15.19 | 44.02 ± 35.48 | 40.58 ± 35.19 | 11.21 ± 18.35 | 15.43 ± 22.16 | 11.71 ± 18.89 | 11.24 ± 17.91 | 39.53 ± 35.94 | 11.51 ± 19.18 | |
Domain 4 | 3.5 ± 9.8 | 42.85 ± 28.89 | 35.97 ± 28.50 | 57.70 ± 34.55 | 70.84 ± 29.82 | 46.82 ± 28.58 | 30.81 ± 29.12 | 44.70 ± 29.68 | 51.43 ± 27.00 | 44.00 ± 34.31 | 51.24 ± 28.83 | |
Domain 5-1 | 3.6 ± 13.4 | 36.47 ± 31.43 | 22.81 ± 31.10 | 75.66 ± 35.09 | 77.02 ± 33.64 | 39.46 ± 31.66 | 45.79 ± 36.58 | 40.16 ± 31.47 | 42.28 ± 31.00 | 73.53 ± 36.49 | 37.13 ± 32.79 | |
Domain 5-2 | 1.9 ± 7.7 | 72.50 ± 42.18 | 23.76 ± 40.49 | 55.37 ± 49.35 | 35.89 ± 47.88 | 68.18 ± 43.42 | 47.24 ± 48.08 | 56.17 ± 44.35 | 70.38 ± 42.64 | 65.76 ± 46.54 | 50.97 ± 41.58 | |
Domain 6 | 15.2 ± 16.0 | 36.11 ± 22.74 | 27.27 ± 21.21 | 56.97 ± 26.44 | 50.33 ± 26.11 | 45.59 ± 23.96 | 38.18 ± 24.09 | 31.71 ± 23.24 | 49.56 ± 22.40 | 58.22 ± 26.59 | 33.36 ± 23.76 | |
Summary | 6.4 ± 8.6 | 36.04 ± 18.90 | 25.36 ± 18.44 | 60.20 ± 23.82 | 61.42 ± 23.32 | 40.38 ± 19.87 | 34.73 ± 20.75 | 34.57 ± 20.32 | 43.40 ± 18.60 | 55.14 ± 22.61 | 33.10 ± 20.15 |
Variables | B | Wald chi-square | Exp(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 2.268 | 607,427.8 | 9.660 * | |
Age | 0.009 | 75,481.9 | 1.009 * | |
Sex | ||||
Male (Reference) | ||||
Female | 0.021 | 431.1 | 1.021 * | |
Residence | ||||
Urban (Reference) | ||||
Suburban | 0.002 | 3.3 | 1.002 | |
Rural | 0.012 | 108.2 | 1.012 * | |
Work status | ||||
Employed (Reference) | ||||
Student or volunteer | 0.144 | 708.8 | 1.155 * | |
Housekeeper or retired | 0.318 | 16,934.6 | 1.374 * | |
Unemployed due to health | 0.561 | 66,313.4 | 1.753 * | |
Unemployed not due to health | 0.280 | 11,156.6 | 1.323 * | |
Types of impairment | ||||
Sensory (Reference) | ||||
Mental | 0.414 | 76,282.9 | 1.513 * | |
Physical | 0.587 | 128,220.5 | 1.798 * | |
Severity of impairment | ||||
Mild (Reference) | ||||
Moderate | 0.127 | 11,252.0 | 1.135 * | |
Severe | 0.263 | 31,540.5 | 1.301 * | |
Extreme | 0.429 | 56,182.7 | 1.535 * |
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of interest
References
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Share and Cite
Chi, W.-C.; Chang, K.-H.; Escorpizo, R.; Yen, C.-F.; Liao, H.-F.; Chang, F.-H.; Chiou, H.-Y.; Teng, S.-W.; Chiu, W.-T.; Liou, T.-H. Measuring Disability and Its Predicting Factors in a Large Database in Taiwan Using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 12148-12161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212148
Chi W-C, Chang K-H, Escorpizo R, Yen C-F, Liao H-F, Chang F-H, Chiou H-Y, Teng S-W, Chiu W-T, Liou T-H. Measuring Disability and Its Predicting Factors in a Large Database in Taiwan Using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(12):12148-12161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212148
Chicago/Turabian StyleChi, Wen-Chou, Kwang-Hwa Chang, Reuben Escorpizo, Chia-Feng Yen, Hua-Fang Liao, Feng-Hang Chang, Hung-Yi Chiou, Sue-Wen Teng, Wen-Ta Chiu, and Tsan-Hon Liou. 2014. "Measuring Disability and Its Predicting Factors in a Large Database in Taiwan Using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 12: 12148-12161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212148