Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Kaohsiung City
2.2. Hospital Admission Data
2.3. Pollutant and Meteorological Data
2.4. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
Variable a | Min | Percentile | Max | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25% | 50% | 75% | ||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 19.97 | 45.21 | 72.72 | 104.24 | 607.14 | 77.53 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 11.44 | 25.57 | 44.30 | 61.88 | 144.37 | 45.88 |
PM2.5–10(μg/m3) | 4.95 | 17.63 | 27.87 | 42.07 | 489.56 | 31.65 |
SO2 (ppb) | 1.91 | 6.02 | 7.49 | 9.20 | 22.45 | 7.80 |
NO2 (ppb) | 4.45 | 15.45 | 21.69 | 28.81 | 53.11 | 22.31 |
CO (ppm) | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.56 | 0.71 | 1.34 | 0.57 |
O3 (ppb) | 4.77 | 18.90 | 27.92 | 37.19 | 72.96 | 29.14 |
Temperature(°C) | 12.88 | 22.65 | 26.81 | 29.08 | 32.21 | 25.68 |
Humidity (%) | 40.35 | 68.15 | 72.30 | 75.94 | 93.55 | 72.10 |
Hospital admissions | ||||||
COPD | 0 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 25 | 7.74 |
Asthma | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 2.86 |
Pneumonia | 0 | 27 | 34 | 40 | 73 | 34.22 |
Variable | PM2.5 | PM2.5–10 | SO2 | NO2 | CO | O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 0.92 * | 0.89 * | 0.25 * | 0.74 * | 0.72 * | 0.37 * |
PM2.5 | - | 0.64 * | 0.25 * | 0.80 * | 0.81 * | 0.42 * |
PM2.5–10 | - | - | 0.19 | 0.53 * | 0.47 * | 0.24 * |
SO2 | - | - | 1.0 | 0.40 * | 0.40 * | −0.02 |
NO2 | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.93 * | 0.11 |
CO | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.14 |
O3 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 |
Temperature | PM2.5 | PM2.5-10 | PM10 |
---|---|---|---|
≥ 25 °C (1125 days) | |||
COPD | |||
Without adjustment a | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
Adjusted for SO2 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
Adjusted for NO2 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
Adjusted for CO | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
Adjusted for O3 | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
Asthma | |||
Without adjustment a | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
Adjusted for SO2 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
Adjusted for NO2 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
Adjusted for CO | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
Adjusted for O3 | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
Pneumonia | |||
Without adjustment a | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
Adjusted for SO2 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
Adjusted for NO2 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
Adjusted for CO | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
Adjusted for O3 | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
< 25 °C (701 days) | |||
COPD | |||
Without adjustment a | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) |
Adjusted for SO2 | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) |
Adjusted for NO2 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
Adjusted for CO | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
Adjusted for O3 | 1.09 (1.07–1.12) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) |
Asthma | |||
Without adjustment a | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) |
Adjusted for SO2 | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
Adjusted for NO2 | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
Adjusted for CO | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
Adjusted for O3 | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) |
Pneumonia | |||
Without adjustment a | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) |
Adjusted for SO2 | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) | 1.05 (1.05–1.06) |
Adjusted for NO2 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) |
Adjusted for CO | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
Adjusted for O3 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cheng, M.-H.; Chiu, H.-F.; Yang, C.-Y. Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 13053-13068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013053
Cheng M-H, Chiu H-F, Yang C-Y. Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(10):13053-13068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013053
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Meng-Hsuan, Hui-Fen Chiu, and Chun-Yuh Yang. 2015. "Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 10: 13053-13068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013053