Factors Associated with the Competencies of Public Health Workers in Township Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing Municipality, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample Method
Province | Districts | Income Level | Participating Hospitals | Sample Size PHWs (%) | Total PHWs Size (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chongqing Municipality | Jiulongpo | Developed | 9 township hospitals | 100(31.85) | 118(34.40) |
Qianjiang | Middle economic level | 9 township hospitals | 107(34.08) | 110(32.07) | |
Hechuan | Underdeveloped | 9 township hospitals | 107(34.08) | 115(33.53) |
2.2. Survey Content
2.3. Survey Methodology
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Results
Characteristics of the Sample
2.6. Self-Evaluation Competencies of PHWs in Township Hospitals
Characteristics | Total | Jiulongpo | Qianjiang | Hechuan | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 314 | % | N = 100 | % | N = 107 | % | N = 107 | % | ||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 161 | 51.3% | 53 | 53.0% | 53 | 49.5% | 55 | 51.4% | 0.883 |
Female | 153 | 48.7% | 47 | 47.0% | 54 | 50.5% | 52 | 48.6% | |
Age | |||||||||
20–30 | 73 | 23.2% | 22 | 22.0% | 25 | 23.4% | 26 | 24.3% | 0.021 * |
31–40 | 110 | 35.0% | 45 | 45.0% | 32 | 29.9% | 33 | 30.8% | |
41–50 | 113 | 36.0% | 30 | 30.0% | 38 | 35.5% | 45 | 42.1% | |
51–60 | 18 | 5.7% | 3 | 3.0% | 12 | 11.2% | 3 | 2.8% | |
Years of working | |||||||||
1–10 | 107 | 34.1% | 37 | 37.0% | 41 | 38.3% | 29 | 27.1% | 0.195 |
11–20 | 114 | 36.3% | 39 | 39.0% | 30 | 28.0% | 45 | 42.1% | |
21–30 | 82 | 26.1% | 22 | 22.0% | 30 | 28.0% | 30 | 28.0% | |
31–40 | 11 | 3.5% | 2 | 2.0% | 6 | 5.6% | 3 | 2.8% | |
Educational background | |||||||||
Junior high school | 107 | 34.1% | 26 | 26.0% | 41 | 38.3% | 40 | 37.4% | |
Senior high school | 119 | 37.9% | 37 | 37.0% | 40 | 37.4% | 42 | 39.3% | 0.369 |
College/University | 88 | 28.0% | 37 | 37.0% | 26 | 24.3% | 25 | 23.4% | |
Major | |||||||||
Clinic | 85 | 27.1% | 24 | 24.0% | 29 | 27.1% | 32 | 29.9% | 0.045 * |
Nursing | 81 | 25.8% | 22 | 22.0% | 28 | 26.2% | 31 | 29.0% | |
Public health | 76 | 24.2% | 33 | 33.0% | 24 | 22.4% | 19 | 17.8% | |
Maternal | 43 | 13.7% | 11 | 11.0% | 18 | 16.8% | 14 | 13.1% | |
Others | 29 | 9.2% | 10 | 10.0% | 8 | 7.5% | 11 | 10.3% | |
Title | |||||||||
None | 65 | 20.7% | 12 | 12.0% | 21 | 19.6% | 32 | 29.9% | 0.142 |
Junior | 134 | 42.7% | 42 | 42.0% | 47 | 43.9% | 45 | 42.1% | |
Middle | 102 | 32.5% | 41 | 41.0% | 34 | 31.8% | 27 | 25.2% | |
Senior | 13 | 4.1% | 5 | 5.0% | 5 | 4.7% | 3 | 2.8% |
Aspects | Questions | Jiulongpo ①(High) | Qianjiang ②(Middle) | Hechuan ③(Low) | p | LSD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
ACH | Inner motivation | 3.60 | 0.49 | 3.64 | 0.48 | 3.67 | 0.47 | 0.549 | |
High standard | 3.72 | 0.45 | 3.71 | 0.46 | 3.68 | 0.47 | 0.826 | ||
Mean | 7.32 | 0.72 | 7.36 | 0.66 | 7.36 | 0.77 | 0.922 | ||
PMO | Performance be tracked | 3.72 | 0.45 | 3.60 | 0.49 | 3.57 | 0.50 | 0.062 | ①>③ ** |
performance be enhanced | 3.18 | 0.39 | 3.18 | 0.47 | 3.07 | 0.54 | 0.131 | ||
Mean | 6.90 | 0.61 | 6.78 | 0.73 | 6.64 | 0.74 | 0.026 ** | ||
DTO | Details | 3.50 | 0.50 | 3.22 | 0.42 | 3.38 | 0.49 | 0.000 | |
Precise working | 3.19 | 0.39 | 3.30 | 0.46 | 3.23 | 0.43 | 0.183 | ||
Mean | 6.69 | 0.60 | 6.52 | 0.63 | 6.62 | 0.64 | 0.158 | ||
ACT | Initiative | 3.24 | 0.43 | 3.17 | 0.38 | 3.19 | 0.39 | 0.410 | ①>② ***,③>② ** |
Impetus | 3.81 | 0.39 | 3.58 | 0.50 | 3.76 | 0.43 | 0.001 | ||
Mean | 7.05 | 0.61 | 6.75 | 0.60 | 6.94 | 0.64 | 0.002 ** | ||
LRN | Summary of experience | 3.84 | 0.37 | 3.79 | 0.41 | 3.76 | 0.43 | 0.336 | ①>② **,①>③ ** |
Gap analysis | 3.80 | 0.40 | 3.60 | 0.49 | 3.67 | 0.47 | 0.007 | ||
Mean | 7.64 | 0.58 | 7.39 | 0.67 | 7.43 | 0.67 | 0.013 ** | ||
FAA | Decision making | 3.47 | 0.50 | 3.43 | 0.50 | 3.50 | 0.50 | 0.550 | ①>② **,①>③ ** |
Frustration tolerance | 3.86 | 0.38 | 3.55 | 0.57 | 3.56 | 0.54 | 0.000 | ||
Mean | 7.33 | 0.59 | 6.98 | 0.81 | 7.07 | 0.80 | 0.002 ** | ||
TMW | Role adjustment | 3.32 | 0.47 | 3.28 | 0.45 | 3.20 | 0.42 | 0.126 | |
Technical support | 3.37 | 0.49 | 3.27 | 0.45 | 3.35 | 0.48 | 0.284 | ||
Mean | 6.69 | 0.72 | 6.55 | 0.62 | 6.54 | 0.70 | 0.222 | ||
PLR | Interpersonal influence | 3.44 | 0.50 | 3.32 | 0.47 | 3.34 | 0.47 | 0.148 | ①>② **,①>③ ** |
Conflict management | 3.49 | 0.50 | 3.31 | 0.46 | 3.38 | 0.49 | 0.027 | ||
Mean | 6.93 | 0.66 | 6.63 | 0.68 | 6.72 | 0.70 | 0.005 ** | ||
CMF | Concern service objects | 3.72 | 0.45 | 3.56 | 0.50 | 3.55 | 0.50 | 0.021 | ①>② ***,①>③ *** |
Develop service objects | 3.88 | 0.33 | 3.64 | 0.48 | 3.68 | 0.47 | 0.000 | ||
Mean | 7.60 | 0.55 | 7.21 | 0.74 | 7.23 | 0.67 | 0.000 *** | ||
CMC | Positive interaction | 3.80 | 0.40 | 3.78 | 0.42 | 3.80 | 0.40 | 0.862 | ①>② **,①>③ ** |
Mechanism assurance | 3.31 | 0.46 | 3.08 | 0.28 | 3.11 | 0.32 | 0.000 | ||
Mean | 7.11 | 0.62 | 6.86 | 0.46 | 6.92 | 0.48 | 0.002 ** | ||
RSP | Responsibility cognition | 3.28 | 0.45 | 3.18 | 0.38 | 3.23 | 0.43 | 0.215 | |
Consciousness | 3.73 | 0.45 | 3.72 | 0.45 | 3.73 | 0.45 | 0.983 | ||
Mean | 7.01 | 0.72 | 6.90 | 0.66 | 6.96 | 0.71 | 0.504 | ||
Total | 78.27 | 2.67 | 75.92 | 3.35 | 76.42 | 2.50 | 0.000 *** | ①>② ***,①>③ *** |
2.7. Relationship between the Factors of PHWs and Self-Evaluation Competencies
Items | n | Mean | SD | t/F Value | p | LSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||
Male | 161 | 76.88 | 2.91 | t = 0.265 | 0.415 | |
Female | 153 | 76.79 | 3.16 | |||
Economic level | ||||||
①Hechuan | 107 | 76.42 | 2.499 | F = 19.13 *** | 0.000 | ③>①,③>② |
②Qianjiang | 107 | 75.92 | 3.354 | |||
③Jiulongpo | 100 | 78.27 | 2.666 | |||
Age | ||||||
①20–30 | 73 | 75.22 | 3.42 | F = 13.711 *** | 0.000 | ④>②,③,① |
②31–40 | 110 | 77.19 | 2.85 | |||
③41–50 | 113 | 77.12 | 2.45 | |||
④51–60 | 18 | 79.44 | 2.87 | |||
Years of working | ||||||
①1–10 | 107 | 75.51 | 3.39 | F = 15.507 *** | 0.000 | ④>②,③,① |
②11–20 | 114 | 77.46 | 2.71 | |||
③21–30 | 82 | 77.23 | 2.07 | |||
④31–40 | 11 | 80.27 | 3.17 | |||
Educational background | ||||||
①Junior high school | 107 | 77.37 | 2.36 | F = 2.583 | 0.077 | / |
②Senior high school | 119 | 76.53 | 2.99 | |||
③College/ University | 88 | 76.60 | 3.68 | |||
Major | ||||||
①Clinic | 85 | 76.55 | 2.68 | F = 3.907 *** | 0.004 | ③>④,①,⑤,② |
②Nursing | 81 | 76.17 | 2.79 | |||
③Public health | 76 | 77.93 | 3.17 | |||
④Maternal | 43 | 76.95 | 2.92 | |||
⑤Others | 29 | 76.48 | 3.78 | |||
Title | ||||||
①None | 65 | 75.49 | 2.94 | F = 11.641 *** | 0.000 | ④>③,②,① |
②Junior | 134 | 76.68 | 3.04 | |||
③Senior | 102 | 77.51 | 2.68 | |||
④Advanced | 13 | 79.92 | 2.50 |
2.8. Impact Factors of Self-Evaluation Competencies
Variables | B | Std. Error | β | t value | p | 95.0% Confidence Interval for B | R2 | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||||||
Constant | 71.725 | 0.608 | 118.047 *** | 0.000 | 0.216 * | 21.221 *** | |||
Economic level | 0.786 | 0.195 | 0.211 | 4.031 *** | 0.000 | 0.403 | 1.170 | ||
Years of working | 0.925 | 0.186 | 0.263 | 4.961 *** | 0.000 | 0.558 | 1.291 | ||
Title | 0.672 | 0.201 | 0.180 | 3.344 *** | 0.001 | 0.276 | 1.067 | ||
Major | |||||||||
Nursing | −0.092 | −1.710 | 0.088 | ||||||
public health | 0.983 | 0.361 | 0.139 | 2.722 ** | 0.007 | 0.272 | 1.694 | ||
Maternal | 0.068 | 1.288 | 0.199 | ||||||
Others | 0.033 | 0.635 | 0.526 |
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Limitation
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PHWs: | Public Health Workers |
PHS: | Public Health Service |
ACH: | Achievement orientation |
PMO: | Performance orientation |
DTO: | Detailed test objectives |
ACT: | Action |
LRN: | Learning |
FAA: | Flexible and adaptive |
TMW: | Teamwork |
PLR: | Public relation ability |
CMF: | Focusing on the service objectives |
CMC: | Communication |
RSP: | Responsibility |
Ethics Approval
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He, Z.; Cheng, Z.; Fu, H.; Tang, S.; Fu, Q.; Fang, H.; Xian, Y.; Ming, H.; Feng, Z. Factors Associated with the Competencies of Public Health Workers in Township Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing Municipality, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 14244-14259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114244
He Z, Cheng Z, Fu H, Tang S, Fu Q, Fang H, Xian Y, Ming H, Feng Z. Factors Associated with the Competencies of Public Health Workers in Township Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing Municipality, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(11):14244-14259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114244
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Zhifei, Zhaohui Cheng, Hang Fu, Shangfeng Tang, Qian Fu, Haiqing Fang, Yue Xian, Hui Ming, and Zhanchun Feng. 2015. "Factors Associated with the Competencies of Public Health Workers in Township Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing Municipality, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 11: 14244-14259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114244