Assessment of Electromagnetic Interference with Active Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Caused by the Qi A13 Design Wireless Charging Board
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Torso Phantom and Measuring System
2.2. Homogenous Field Exposure by Using Helmholtz Coils
2.3. Inhomogeneous Field Exposure by Using the Qi-A13-Board
2.4. Signal Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Homogenous Field Exposure by Using Helmholtz Coils
Lead Unipolar/Bipolar | Housing Position | Lead Position | (V/mV) Equation (6) | (mV) Equation (6) | of the Linear Fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bipolar | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 2.93 | 0.96 | 0.9999 |
Atrium | 2.04 | 0.95 | 0.9998 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 1.27 | 0.60 | 0.9998 | |
Atrium | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.9998 | ||
Unipolar | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 17.09 | 1.68 | 0.9999 |
Atrium | 15.55 | 1.68 | 0.9999 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 2.26 | 1.09 | 0.9997 | |
Atrium | 0.48 | 0.20 | 0.9998 |
3.2. Inhomogeneous Field Distribution by Using Qi-A13-Board
3.3. Inhomogeneous Field Exposure by Using the Qi-A13-Board in Power Transfer Mode
Lead Type | Housing Position | Lead Position | (mV) | Percentage of the Performance Limit (%) | Relative STD (%) | Equation (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bipolar | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 2.0 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 0.9994 |
Atrium | 2.4 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 0.9997 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 1.5 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 0.9992 | |
Atrium | 2.5 | 7.5 | 1.4 | 0.9997 | ||
Unipolar | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 19.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | >0.9999 |
Atrium | 35.9 | 10.8 | 0.1 | >0.9999 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 11.1 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.9999 | |
Atrium | 17.8 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 0.9998 |
3.4. Inhomogeneous Field Exposure by Using the Qi-A13-Board in Pinging Mode
Lead Type/Setup | Housing Position | Lead Position | (mV) | Percentage of the Performance Limit (%) | Relative STD (%) | Equation (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bipolar/0 cm distance | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 6.72 | 20.4 | 0.2 | 0.9999 |
Atrium | 6.84 | 20.7 | 2.8 | 0.9999 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 6.37 | 19.3 | 0.2 | 0.9999 | |
Atrium | 12.40 | 37.6 | 0.1 | 0.9999 | ||
Bipolar/10 cm distance | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 0.72 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.9970 |
Atrium | 0.64 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.9952 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 0.41 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 0.9873 | |
Atrium | 0.52 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0.9925 | ||
Unipolar/0 cm distance | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 54.12 | 16.4 | 0.1 | >0.9999 |
Atrium | 150.72 | 45.7 | 0.1 | >0.9999 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 42.94 | 13.0 | 0.2 | >0.9999 | |
Atrium | 85.38 | 25.9 | 0.1 | >0.9999 | ||
Unipolar/10 cm distance | Left-pectoral | Ventricle | 5.31 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.9999 |
Atrium | 6.56 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.9999 | ||
Right-pectoral | Ventricle | 2.49 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9996 | |
Atrium | 3.37 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.9998 |
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Risk Assessment of CIEDs When Exposed to Magnetic Fields at 111 kHz
4.2. Correlation between Induced Voltage and Strength of EMF
Setup | LPV | LPA | RPV | RPA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Homogeneous exposure | 5.8 | 7.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
Qi-A13-Board power transfer | 9.6 | 15.0 | 7.4 | 7.1 |
Qi-A13-Board pinging (0 cm) | 8.1 | 22.0 | 6.7 | 6.9 |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seckler, T.; Jagielski, K.; Stunder, D. Assessment of Electromagnetic Interference with Active Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Caused by the Qi A13 Design Wireless Charging Board. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5886-5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605886
Seckler T, Jagielski K, Stunder D. Assessment of Electromagnetic Interference with Active Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Caused by the Qi A13 Design Wireless Charging Board. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):5886-5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605886
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeckler, Tobias, Kai Jagielski, and Dominik Stunder. 2015. "Assessment of Electromagnetic Interference with Active Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Caused by the Qi A13 Design Wireless Charging Board" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 5886-5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605886