A Comparative Study of Dog- and Cat-Induced Injury on Incidence and Risk Factors among Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection and Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. The Rate of Dog- and Cat-Related Injuries among Children in Two Cities
3.3. Characteristics and Risk Factors of Children Injured by Dog and Cat
3.4. Risk Factors Associated with Injured Children from Different-Sized Cities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Shenzhen (N = 4967) | Shantou (N = 4413) | Total (N = 9380) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age Group (Years) | 6~ | 924 (18.6) | 426 (9.7) | 1876 (20.0) |
10~ | 1179 (23.7) | 601 (13.6) | 3132 (33.4) | |
14~ | 1389 (28.0) | 1495 (33.9) | 2827 (30.1) | |
16–19 | 1475 (29.7) | 1891 (42.8) | 1545 (16.5) | |
Gender | Boy | 2681 (54.0) | 2058 (46.6) | 4739 (50.5) |
Girl | 2286 (46.0) | 2355 (53.4) | 4641 (49.5) | |
Living Area | Central Urban | 2655 (53.5) | 1244 (28.2) | 3899 (41.6) |
Suburban | 2312 (46.5) | 1568 (35.5) | 3880 (41.4) | |
Island County | - | 1601 (36.3) | 1601 (17.1) | |
Raising Dogs and Cats | Never | 2824 (56.9) | 2083 (47.2) | 4908 (52.3) |
Ever but Not Now | 1454 (29.3) | 1561 (35.4) | 3015 (32.2) | |
Currently Cat | 194 (3.9) | 504 (11.4) | 698 (7.4) | |
Currently Dog | 495 (9.9) | 265 (6.0) | 760 (8.1) | |
City Statistics * | Population (Million) | 10.78 | 5.53 | - |
Locals | 3.17 (29.41) | 5.47 (98.92) | - | |
Migrants | 7.61 (70.59) | 0.058 (1.08) | - | |
Area (km2) | 1991.64 | 2064.73 | - | |
GDP (Billion RMB) | 1600.198 | 171.651 | - |
N = 9380 | Dog | p-Value | Cat | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Lifetime Injury | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | 0.003 |
Shenzhen | 898 | 18.1 | - | 392 | 7.9 | - |
Shantou | 515 | 11.7 | - | 425 | 9.6 | - |
Total | 1413 | 15.1 | - | 817 | 8.7 | - |
Past-Year Injury | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | 0.080 |
Shenzhen | 208 | 4.2 | - | 74 | 1.5 | - |
Shantou | 114 | 2.6 | - | 87 | 2.0 | - |
Total | 322 | 3.4 | - | 161 | 1.7 | - |
Characteristics | Dog (N = 1413) | p-Value | Cat (N = 817) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Type of Injury | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
Bites | 812 | 57.5 | - | 102 | 12.5 | - |
Scratches | 360 | 25.5 | - | 630 | 77.1 | - |
Falls | 125 | 8.8 | - | 33 | 4.0 | - |
Both Bites and Scratches | 116 | 8.2 | - | 52 | 6.4 | - |
Ownership of Involved Animal | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
Own Family’s | 425 | 30.3 | - | 386 | 47.5 | - |
Other Family’s | 693 | 49.4 | - | 241 | 29.6 | - |
Stray Dog/Cat | 131 | 9.3 | - | 114 | 14.0 | - |
Unknown | 154 | 11.0 | - | 72 | 8.9 | - |
Injured Body Part | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
Hand | 469 | 34.9 | - | 501 | 62.7 | - |
Arm | 148 | 11.0 | - | 80 | 10.0 | - |
Foot | 256 | 19.1 | - | 96 | 12.0 | - |
Leg | 374 | 27.8 | - | 59 | 7.4 | - |
Head/Face/Neck | 45 | 3.4 | - | 51 | 6.4 | - |
Trunk | 52 | 3.9 | - | 12 | 1.5 | - |
Variables | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dog | Cat | Dog | Cat | |||||||||
p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | |
City | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Shenzhen | <0.001 | 1.67 | 1.49–1.88 | 0.003 | 1.24 | 1.08–1.44 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 1.57–2.24 | - | - | - |
Shantou | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
Gender | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Girls | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Boys | 0.024 | 0.88 | 0.78–0.98 | 0.207 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.27 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Age (Years) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
6~ | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - |
10~ | <0.001 | 2.55 | 2.04–3.17 | <0.001 | 3.43 | 2.46–4.77 | <0.001 | 2.58 | 1.99–3.33 | <0.001 | 2.79 | 1.95–4.00 |
14~ | <0.001 | 2.00 | 1.62–2.47 | <0.001 | 3.23 | 2.35–4.44 | <0.001 | 2.03 | 1.57–2.61 | <0.001 | 2.57 | 1.81–3.64 |
16–19 | <0.001 | 1.66 | 1.30–2.05 | <0.001 | 2.61 | 1.90–3.59 | <0.001 | 1.60 | 1.23–2.07 | 0.001 | 1.85 | 1.30–2.65 |
Living Area | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Central Urban | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - |
Suburban | <0.001 | 3.16 | 2.76–3.62 | <0.001 | 1.47 | 1.25–1.72 | <0.001 | 2.83 | 2.38–3.35 | <0.001 | 1.48 | 1.23–1.79 |
Island County | <0.001 | 1.66 | 1.38–2.00 | 0.003 | 1.37 | 1.11–1.68 | <0.001 | 2.53 | 1.98–3.24 | 0.013 | 1.35 | 1.06–1.70 |
Single-Child Family | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No | <0.001 | 1.66 | 1.43–1.93 | 0.064 | 1.18 | 0.99–1.41 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Personality | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Introverted | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Normal | 0.004 | 1.31 | 1.09–1.57 | 0.162 | 1.18 | 0.94–1.48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Extroverted | 0.188 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.25 | 0.653 | 0.96 | 0.82–1.14 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Interest in Animal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Dislike | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | ||
Normal | 0.001 | 1.47 | 1.16–1.87 | 0.560 | 1.09 | 0.81–1.47 | 0.002 | 0.65 | 0.49–0.85 | 0.677 | 1.08 | 0.76–1.52 |
Like | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.26–2.00 | 0.001 | 1.62 | 1.21–2.16 | 0.005 | 0.43 | 0.28–0.57 | 0.006 | 1.60 | 1.14–2.25 |
Academic Performance | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Good | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.38–0.50 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.52–0.76 | - | - | - | 0.002 | 0.72 | 0.58–0.89 |
Average | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.60–0.80 | 0.348 | 0.91 | 0.76–1.10 | - | - | - | 0.887 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.22 |
Poor | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - |
Father’s Educational Level | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Primary School or Less | <0.001 | 2.02 | 1.62–2.51 | <0.001 | 1.85 | 1.41–2.42 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Junior High School | <0.001 | 1.83 | 1.53–2.19 | 0.001 | 1.48 | 1.18–1.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Senior High School | 0.006 | 1.31 | 1.08–1.58 | 0.015 | 1.34 | 1.06–1.69 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
University or Above | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mother’s Educational Level | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Primary School Or Less | <0.001 | 2.07 | 1.67–2.57 | 0.014 | 1.38 | 1.07–1.78 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Junior High School | <0.001 | 1.96 | 1.60–2.41 | 0.007 | 1.39 | 1.09–1.77 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Senior High School | 0.006 | 1.36 | 1.09–1.69 | 0.130 | 1.22 | 0.94–1.58 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
University or Above | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Migrant Parents for Work | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No Parents Go Out | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Father Go Out | 0.655 | 1.05 | 0.86–1.28 | 0.662 | 0.95 | 0.74–1.22 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mother Go Out | <0.001 | 2.25 | 1.51–3.37 | 0.802 | 1.08 | 0.59–1.97 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Both Parents Go Out | <0.001 | 2.13 | 1.83–2.47 | 0.987 | 1.00 | 0.80–1.24 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Average Monthly Income | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Low | 0.002 | 1.35 | 1.12–1.63 | 0.112 | 1.21 | 0.96–1.54 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Average | 0.205 | 1.14 | 0.93–1.41 | 0.596 | 1.07 | 0.83–1.39 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
High | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Raising Dogs and Cats | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Never | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - |
Ever but Not Now | 0.014 | 1.18 | 1.03–1.34 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.27–1.77 | - | - | - | 0.003 | 1.33 | 1.10–1.61 |
Currently Cat | 0.962 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.26 | <0.001 | 3.82 | 3.08–4.73 | - | - | - | <0.001 | 3.32 | 2.59–4.25 |
Currently Dog | <0.001 | 2.53 | 2.12–3.03 | 0.009 | 1.44 | 1.10–1.89 | - | - | - | 0.505 | 1.11 | 0.82–1.51 |
Variables | Shenzhen OR (95% CI) | Shantou OR (95% CI) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dog | Cat | Dog | Cat | |||||||||
p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | |
Age (years) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
6~ | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - |
10~ | <0.001 | 3.06 | 2.27–4.12 | <0.001 | 3.60 | 2.30–5.63 | - | 0.027 | 1.99 | 1.08–3.66 | ||
14~ | <0.001 | 2.57 | 1.90–3.48 | <0.001 | 3.55 | 2.26–5.56 | - | - | - | 0.012 | 2.08 | 1.17–3.68 |
16~19 | 0.018 | 1.46 | 1.07–2.00 | 0.030 | 1.69 | 1.05–2.71 | - | - | - | 0.044 | 1.81 | 1.02–3.23 |
Living Area | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Central Urban | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
Suburban | <0.001 | 4.57 | 3.68–5.66 | <0.001 | 2.49 | 1.90–3.25 | 0.040 | 1.36 | 1.02–1.83 | - | - | - |
Island county | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.008 | 1.45 | 1.10–1.92 | - | - | - |
Single-Child Family | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.012 | 1.46 | 1.09–1.96 | - | - | - |
Interest in Animal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Dislike | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.015 | 0.59 | 0.38–0.90 | 0.006 | 0.62 | 0.45–0.88 |
Normal | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.420 | 0.91 | 0.73–1.14 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.56–0.80 |
Like | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - |
Academic Performance | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Good | 0.006 | 0.73 | 0.58–0.92 | 0.185 | 0.81 | 0.59–1.11 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.35–0.60 | 0.027 | 0.70 | 0.52–0.96 |
Average | 0.110 | 0.83 | 0.66–1.04 | 0.432 | 1.13 | 0.83–1.54 | 0.378 | 0.89 | 0.68–1.16 | 0.452 | 0.89 | 0.65–1.21 |
Poor | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
Mother’s Educational Level | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Primary School or Less | 0.010 | 1.51 | 1.11–2.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Junior High School | 0.115 | 1.26 | 0.95–1.68 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Senior High School | 0.624 | 0.93 | 0.68–1.26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
University or Above | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Migrant Parents for Work | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No Parents Go Out | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
Father Go Out | 0.200 | 1.24 | 0.89–1.73 | - | - | - | 0.373 | 0.86 | 0.61–1.21 | - | - | - |
Mother Go Out | 0.021 | 2.10 | 1.12–3.94 | - | - | - | 0.307 | 1.56 | 0.67–3.63 | - | - | - |
Both Parents Go Out | 0.065 | 1.22 | 0.99–1.51 | - | - | - | 0.028 | 1.60 | 1.05–2.43 | - | - | - |
Raising Dogs and Cats | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Never | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | |
Ever but Not Now | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.195 | 1.17 | 0.92–1.49 | <0.001 | 1.85 | 1.39–2.46 |
Currently Cat | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.254 | 0.79 | 0.54–1.18 | <0.001 | 5.34 | 3.88–7.35 |
Currently Dog | - | - | - | - | - | - | <0.001 | 2.76 | 1.93–3.94 | 0.277 | 1.34 | 0.79–2.27 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Chen, Y.; Gao, Y.; Zhou, L.; Tan, Y.; Li, L. A Comparative Study of Dog- and Cat-Induced Injury on Incidence and Risk Factors among Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111079
Chen Y, Gao Y, Zhou L, Tan Y, Li L. A Comparative Study of Dog- and Cat-Induced Injury on Incidence and Risk Factors among Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111079
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Ying, Yang Gao, Li Zhou, Yafei Tan, and Liping Li. 2016. "A Comparative Study of Dog- and Cat-Induced Injury on Incidence and Risk Factors among Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111079