Modelling Gender Differences in the Economic and Social Influences of Obesity in Australian Young People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Description and Summary Statistics
3. The Empirical Model
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Obese 2010 | ||
---|---|---|
0 | 1 | |
0.8580 | 0.1420 | |
Obese | (0.8622) | (0.1378) |
2006 | [0.8534] | [0.1466] |
0.1574 | 0.8426 | |
(0.1574) | (0.8426) | |
[0.1574] | [0.8426] |
Covariates Name | Description | Mean (Std. Dev.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | ||
obese | Body mass index group; normal = 0, overweight and obese = 1 | 0.363 | 0.354 | 0.358 |
(0.481) | (0.478) | (0.480) | ||
gender | Gender; male = 1, female = 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.481 |
(0) | (0) | (0.50) | ||
age | Age in years | 19.885 | 20.018 | 19.954 |
(2.551) | (2.526) | (2.539) | ||
advantage | SEIFA 2001 deciles of index of relative socio-economic advantage/disadvantage; lowest = 1, highest = 10 | 5.765 | 5.654 | 5.707 |
(2.867) | (2.860) | (2.863) | ||
educ | Highest education level achieved; postgraduate/bachelor = 1, adv. Diploma/certificate = 2, year 12 = 3, year 11 and below = 4 | 3.103 | 2.946 | 3.021 |
(0.873) | (0.960) | (0.922) | ||
area | Remoteness area; major city = 0, inner regional Australia = 1, outer regional Australia = 2, remote Australia = 3, very remote Australia = 4 | 0.490 | 0.484 | 0.487 |
(0.780) | (0.734) | (0.756) | ||
empstatus | Labour force status; employed = 1, unemployed and not in the labor force = 0 | 0.743 | 0.713 | 0.728 |
(0.437) | (0.452) | (0.445) | ||
alcohol | Drink alcohol; no = 0, yes = 1 | 0.840 | 0.819 | 0.829 |
(0.367) | (0.385) | (0.377) | ||
meals | Household annual expenditure on meals eaten out (AUD) | 2682.87 | 2775.56 | 2731.01 |
(2520.61) | (3487.80) | (3061.37) | ||
marstatus | Marital status; married or in a de facto relationship = 1, single = 0 | 0.178 | 0.262 | 0.221 |
(0.382) | (0.440) | (0.415) | ||
hhtype | Household type; lone parent with children <15 and lone parent with dependents = 1, others = 0 | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.048 |
(0.205) | (0.222) | (0.214) | ||
inc/p | Household disposable income divided by the number of persons in households | 26,099 | 26,063 | 26,080 |
(13,653) | (14,988) | (14,358) | ||
losat | Satisfaction with life; dissatisfied = 1, neutral = 2, satisfied = 3 | 2.912 | 2.900 | 2.905 |
(0.301) | (0.323) | (0.312) | ||
agree | Personality scale—Agreeableness (1 to 7) | 4.929 | 5.393 | 5.170 |
(0.963) | (0.852) | (0.936) | ||
consc | Personality scale—Conscientiousness (1 to 7) | 4.565 | 4.764 | 4.668 |
(0.970) | (1.008) | (0.995) | ||
emote | Personality scale—Emotional stability (1 to 7) | 5.023 | 4.773 | 4.893 |
(1.040) | (1.052) | (1.054) | ||
extrv | Personality scale—Extroversion (1 to 7) | 4.583 | 4.708 | 4.648 |
(0.951) | (1.049) | (1.005) | ||
opene | Personality scale—Openness to experience (1 to 7) | 4.247 | 4.338 | 4.294 |
(1.049) | (1.042) | (1.046) |
Categories/Variables | Advantage | Education | Area | Life Satisfaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
0 | 65.61 | 64.41 | ||||||
1 | 7.71 | 9.21 | 6.01 | 10.31 | 22.42 | 24.13 | 0.51 | 0.68 |
2 | 9.18 | 9.89 | 15.42 | 17.94 | 10.08 | 10.25 | 7.77 | 8.71 |
3 | 11.32 | 9.15 | 40.85 | 38.58 | 1.15 | 1.04 | 91.71 | 90.61 |
4 | 8.64 | 9.12 | 37.72 | 33.17 | 0.74 | 0.18 | ||
5 | 9.72 | 9.51 | ||||||
6 | 9.53 | 9.86 | ||||||
7 | 9.60 | 10.99 | ||||||
8 | 10.56 | 11.37 | ||||||
9 | 12.92 | 11.16 | ||||||
10 | 10.81 | 9.74 |
H0: (1) | |
H1: (3) | |
LR χ2 (18) = 27.81 | Pr > χ2 (18) = 0.065 |
(3) | ||||||
N = 6503 | ||||||
Log Likelihood = −3115.66, Wald χ2 (36) = 452.86, Pr > χ2 = 0.000 | ||||||
Female | Male | |||||
Variable | Coef. | Std. Err. | OR | Coef. | Std. Err. | OR |
constant | −24.324 *** | 6.772 | −17.025 *** | 6.964 | ||
age | 2.353 *** | 0.622 | 10.522 | 0.956 | 0.638 | 2.600 |
age2 | −0.050 *** | 0.015 | 0.951 | −0.015 | 0.016 | 0.985 |
advantage | −0.200 *** | 0.044 | 0.819 | −0.078 * | 0.046 | 0.925 |
educ | −0.008 | 0.144 | 0.992 | 0.062 | 0.152 | 1.064 |
area | 0.247 | 0.172 | 1.280 | 0.433 *** | 0.167 | 1.542 |
empstatus | −0.336 | 0.213 | 0.714 | 0.054 | 0.228 | 1.056 |
alcohol | −0.061 | 0.239 | 0.941 | 0.062 | 0.285 | 1.064 |
meals | −5.1 × 10−5 | 3.2 × 10−5 | 1.000 | −3.07 × 10−6 * | 3.55 × 10−5 | 1.000 |
marstatus | 0.993 *** | 0.261 | 2.699 | 0.844 *** | 0.303 | 2.327 |
hhtype | 0.209 | 0.438 | 1.232 | 0.430 | 0.476 | 1.537 |
lndinc/p | 0.064 | 0.181 | 1.066 | 0.306 * | 0.186 | 1.358 |
losat | −0.327 | 0.272 | 0.721 | −0.177 | 0.306 | 0.837 |
agree | 0.097 | 0.147 | 1.102 | −0.108 | 0.137 | 0.898 |
consc | −0.432 *** | 0.121 | 0.649 | −0.222 * | 0.135 | 0.801 |
emote | 0.065 | 0.123 | 1.068 | −0.137 | 0.125 | 0.872 |
extrv | −0.103 | 0.119 | 0.902 | 0.372 *** | 0.132 | 1.451 |
opene | −0.254 * | 0.131 | 0.75 | −0.006 | 0.136 | 0.994 |
lnσ2α | 2.878 | 0.091 | ||||
σα | 4.217 | 0.192 | ||||
0.844 | 0.012 |
(1) | ||
N = 6503 | ||
Log Likelihood = −3129.57 Wald χ2 (17) = 231.93 Pr > χ2 = 0.000 | ||
Variable | Coef. | Std. Err. |
constant | −21.507 *** | 4.848 |
age | 1.737 *** | 0.444 |
age2 | −0.034 *** | 0.011 |
advantage | −0.146 *** | 0.032 |
educ | 0.046 | 0.104 |
area | 0.344 *** | 0.121 |
empstatus | −0.143 | 0.155 |
alcohol | −0.012 * | 0.183 |
meals | −2.9 × 10−5 | 2.25 × 10−5 |
marstatus | 0.926 *** | 0.197 |
hhtype | 0.314 | 0.321 |
lndinc/p | 0.185 | 0.130 |
losat | −0.254 | 0.203 |
agree | −0.004 | 0.098 |
consc | −0.303 *** | 0.089 |
emote | −0.001 | 0.087 |
extrv | 0.088 | 0.088 |
opene | −0.121 | 0.094 |
lnσ2α | 2.901 | 0.091 |
σα | 4.265 | 0.194 |
0.847 | 0.012 |
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Avsar, G.; Ham, R.; Tannous, W.K. Modelling Gender Differences in the Economic and Social Influences of Obesity in Australian Young People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030257
Avsar G, Ham R, Tannous WK. Modelling Gender Differences in the Economic and Social Influences of Obesity in Australian Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(3):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030257
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvsar, Gulay, Roger Ham, and W. Kathy Tannous. 2017. "Modelling Gender Differences in the Economic and Social Influences of Obesity in Australian Young People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030257