A National Study of Social Media, Television, Radio, and Internet Usage of Adults by Sexual Orientation and Smoking Status: Implications for Campaign Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Measures
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Device Ownership
3.2. Social Media
3.3. Frequent/Daily Media Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Heterosexual Non-Smoker (n = 10,121) | Heterosexual Smoker (n = 2189) | LGB Non-Smoker (n = 418) | LGB Smoker (n = 172) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Female | 51.9 (n = 5422) | 54.0 (n = 1342) | 39.6 (n = 172) | 39.3 (n = 82) | <0.001 |
Age | |||||
18–24 | 8.8 (n = 553) | 6.6 (n = 121) | 13.8 (n = 36) | 7.9 (n = 14) | |
25–44 | 33.6 (n = 2516) | 37.0 (n = 593) | 33.7 (n = 126) | 40.9 (n = 69) | |
45–64 | 37.0 (n = 4145) | 46.1 (n = 1110) | 45.3 (n = 201) | 46.4 (n = 72) | |
65+ | 20.6 (n = 2907) | 10.2 (n = 365) | 7.2 (n = 55) | 4.9 (n = 17) | 0.213 |
Race | |||||
White | 69.5 (n = 8164) | 70.9 (n = 1739) | 64.1 (n = 314) | 65.1 (n = 128) | |
Black | 10.9 (n = 705) | 12.4 (n = 192) | 10.0 (n = 30) | 12.8 (n = 20) | |
Hispanic | 12.7 (n = 689) | 11.7 (n = 138) | 16.2 (n = 43) | 14.1 (n = 13) | |
Other or Multi-race | 6.9 (n = 563) | 4.9 (n = 120) | 9.8 (n = 31) | 7.9 (n = 11) | <0.001 |
Employment | |||||
Unemployed—In Labor Force | 17.0 (n = 1308) | 21.8 (n = 391) | 21.2 (n = 68) | 15.9 (n = 23) | |
Unemployed—Not in Labor Force | 25.3 (n = 3284) | 24.5 (n = 662) | 17.9 (n = 94) | 16.0 (n = 34) | |
Employed | 57.7 (n = 5529) | 53.7 (n = 1136) | 61.0 (n = 256) | 68.1 (n = 115) | <0.001 |
Education | |||||
Some High School or Less | 5.6 (n = 306) | 11.4 (n = 137) | 4.5 (n = 9) | 6.9 (n = 8) | |
High School Graduate | 33.3 (n = 2003) | 43.6 (n = 598) | 20.9 (n = 45) | 30.1 (n = 34) | |
Some College | 31.3 (n = 3126) | 33.3 (n = 938) | 33.5 (n = 112) | 49.5 (n = 85) | |
Bachelor Degree | 17.7 (n = 2781) | 8.2 (n = 357) | 21.3 (n = 138) | 7.3 (n = 30) | |
Masters Degree or higher | 12.1 (n = 1905) | 3.6 (n = 159) | 19.8 (n = 114) | 6.3 (n = 15) | <0.001 |
Region | |||||
Northeast | 18.5 (n = 1761) | 16.9 (n = 391) | 20.3 (n = 71) | 23.5 (n = 32) | |
Midwest | 22.1 (n = 2629) | 26.4 (n = 627) | 20.0 (n = 106) | 22.9 (n = 44) | |
South | 36.5 (n = 3475) | 38.8 (n = 745) | 30.5 (n = 120) | 37.4 (n = 65) | |
West | 22.9 (n = 2256) | 17.9 (n = 426) | 29.2 (n = 121) | 16.2 (n = 31) | 0.007 |
Variable | Laptop or Netbook | Cell (Smart) | Tablet | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | |
LGB vs. Heterosexual | ||||||
Heterosexual | ref | ref | ref | |||
LGB | 1.07 (0.78, 1.48) | 0.6660 | 1.19 (0.90, 1.58) | 0.2170 | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | 0.4778 |
Smoker vs. Nonsmoker | ||||||
Nonsmoker | ref | ref | ref | |||
Smoker | 0.90 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.1823 | 0.84 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.0175 | 0.65 (0.56, 0.75) | <0.0001 * |
Gender | ||||||
Male | ref | ref | ref | |||
Female | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.3658 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.268 | 1.18 (1.05, 1.32) | 0.0038 |
Age | ||||||
18–24 | ref | ref | ref | |||
25–44 | 0.79 (0.58, 1.07) | 0.1313 | 0.68 (0.52, 0.88) | 0.0039 | 1.41 (1.09, 1.82) | 0.0082 |
45–64 | 0.55 (0.41, 0.74) | 0.0001 * | 0.27 (0.21, 0.35) | <0.0001 * | 1.20 (0.93, 1.54) | 0.1586 |
65+ | 0.36 (0.26, 0.50) | <0.0001 * | 0.15 (0.11, 0.20) | <0.0001 * | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) | 0.9922 |
Race | ||||||
White | ref | ref | ref | |||
Black | 0.73 (0.59, 0.91) | 0.0050 | 1.30 (1.06, 1.59) | 0.0126 | 0.75 (0.61, 0.93) | 0.0072 |
Hispanic | 1.00 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.9708 | 1.56 (1.27, 1.92) | <0.0001 * | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 0.8328 |
Other or Multi | 1.15 (0.87, 1.51) | 0.3235 | 1.42 (1.11, 1.82) | 0.0061 | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46) | 0.2566 |
Education | ||||||
Some High School or Less | ref | ref | ref | |||
High School Graduate | 1.25 (0.95, 1.65) | 0.1075 | 1.58 (1.17, 2.14) | 0.0028 * | 1.40 (1.02, 1.91) | 0.0359 |
Some College | 1.80 (1.37, 2.36) | <0.0001 * | 2.66 (1.97, 3.59) | <0.0001 * | 1.91 (1.40, 2.60) | <0.0001 * |
Bachelor Degree | 2.82 (2.11, 3.78) | <0.0001 * | 3.23 (2.37, 4.40) | <0.0001 * | 2.70 (1.97, 3.71) | <0.0001 * |
Master’s Degree or Higher | 3.36 (2.46, 4.58) | <0.0001 * | 3.78 (2.74, 5.21) | <0.0001 * | 3.26 (2.34, 4.52) | <0.0001 * |
Employment | ||||||
Unemployed-In Labor Force | ref | ref | ref | |||
Unemployed-Not in Labor Force | 0.93 (0.75, 1.16) | 0.5369 | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.0296 | 0.74 (0.60, 0.91) | 0.0042 |
Employed | 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) | 0.2011 | 1.59 (1.34, 1.87) | <0.0001 * | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 0.1122 |
Region | ||||||
Northeast | ref | ref | ref | |||
Midwest | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.0003 * | 0.91 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.2524 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.06) | 0.1848 |
South | 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) | 0.1020 | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41) | 0.0254 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.9609 |
West | 0.72 (0.59, 0.87) | 0.0009 * | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | 0.1844 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.3279 |
Number of observations | 12,894 | 12,883 | 12,892 | |||
F-Test | 21.67 | 55.54 | 20.22 | |||
p-value | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | |||
F-adj mean res goodness of fit | 1.365 | 0.246 | 0.607 | |||
p-value | 0.198 | 0.988 | 0.792 |
Variable | Google+ | YouTube | ≥3 Social Media Accounts | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | |
LGB vs. Heterosexual | ||||||||||||
Heterosexual | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||||
LGB | 2.00 (1.48, 2.70) | <0.0001 * | 1.84 (1.37, 2.47) | <0.0001 * | 1.45 (1.09, 1.91) | 0.0095 | 2.11 (1.55, 2.87) | <0.0001 * | 2.19 (1.63, 2.94) | <0.0001 * | 2.38 (1.80, 3.16) | <0.0001 * |
Smoker vs. Nonsmoker | ||||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Smoker | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 0.0769 | 1.07 (0.87, 1.30) | 0.5335 | 0.78 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.0143 | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) | 0.8993 | 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) | 0.4204 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.5047 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Female | 1.76 (1.57, 1.97) | <0.0001 * | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 0.6834 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 0.2388 | 0.84 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.0369 | 0.60 (0.51, 0.71) | <0.0001 * | 0.84 (.72, 0.97) | 0.0203 |
Age | ||||||||||||
18–24 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
25–44 | 0.70 (0.49, 0.73) | 0.0191 | 0.43 (0.33, 0.56) | <0.0001 * | 1.56 (1.11, 2.18) | 0.0098 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.11) | 0.2124 | 0.44 (0.34, 0.57) | <0.0001 * | 0.60 (0.46, 0.78) | 0.0001 * |
45–64 | 0.39 (0.29, 0.51) | <0.0001 * | 0.22 (0.17, 0.28) | <0.0001 * | 1.71 (1.22, 2.40) | 0.0019 * | 0.34 (0.25, 0.45) | <0.0001 * | 0.15 (0.11, 0.20) | <0.0001 * | 0.27 (0.21, 0.35) | <0.0001 * |
65+ | 0.25 (0.18, 0.34) | <0.0001 * | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) | <0.0001 * | 1.28 (0.87, 1.89) | 0.2081 | 028 (0.19, 0.42) | <0.0001 * | 0.06 (0.04, 0.10) | <0.0001 * | 0.17 (0.11, 0.24) | <0.0001 * |
Race | ||||||||||||
White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Black | 0.60 (0.49, 0.73) | <0.0001 * | 1.31 (1.01, 1.69) | 0.0417 | 0.82 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.1097 | 1.73 (1.34, 2.24) | <0.0001 * | 1.79 (1.29, 2.32) | <0.0001 * | 1.31 (1.02, 1.69) | 0.0335 |
Hispanic | 0.83 (0.67, 1.02) | 0.0784 | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.3237 | 0.74 (0.58, 0.94) | 0.0134 | 1.23 (0.95, 1.59) | 0.1091 | 1.27 (0.99, 1.63) | 0.0594 | 1.09 (0.86, 1.40) | 0.4724 |
Other or Multi | 0.98 (0.76, 1.27) | 0.8749 | 1.29 (0.95, 1.75) | 0.1065 | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 0.957 | 1.84 (1.37, 2.48) | 0.0001 * | 1.82 (1.35, 2.43) | 0.0001 * | 1.65 (1.24, 2.18) | 0.0005 * |
Education | ||||||||||||
Some HS or Less | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
HS Graduate | 1.07 (0.81, 1.40) | 0.6327 | 0.93 (0.62, 1.41) | 0.7476 | 1.83 (0.94, 3.55) | 0.0751 | 0.72 (0.49, 1.07) | 0.102 | 1.24 (0.82, 1.87) | 0.3119 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) | 0.9784 |
Some College | 1.45 (1.10, 1.90) | 0.0076 | 1.59 (1.07, 2.37) | 0.0222 | 5.00 (2.62, 9.52) | <0.0001 * | 1.18 (0.81, 1.73) | 0.3791 | 1.97 (1.31, 2.95) | 0.0010 * | 2.23 (1.46, 3.40) | 0.0002 * |
Bachelor Degree | 1.38 (1.04, 1.83) | 0.0265 | 2.22 (1.47, 3.34) | 0.0001 * | 11.98 (6.27, 22.91) | <0.0001 * | 1.33 (0.89, 1.97) | 0.1616 | 1.85 (1.21, 2.83) | 0.0042 | 3.04 (1.97, 4.70) | <0.0001 * |
Master’s Degree or Higher | 1.39 (1.03, 1.87) | 0.03 | 1.98 (1.28, 3.06) | 0.0021 * | 13.38 (6.95, 25.77) | <0.0001 * | 1.28 (0.84, 1.95) | 0.2515 | 1.71 (1.09, 2.69) | 0.0191 | 2.85 (1.81, 4.50) | <0.0001 * |
Employment | ||||||||||||
Unemployed—In Labor Force | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Unemployed—Not in Labor Force | 0.95 (0.77, 1.18) | 0.6627 | 0.68 (0.49, 0.93) | 0.0165 | 0.68 (0.51, 0.90) | 0.008 | 0.79 (0.58, 1.09) | 0.1493 | 0.59 (0.43, 0.81) | 0.0010 * | 0.65 (0.48, 0.87) | 0.0047 |
Employed | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 0.2912 | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | 0.4452 | 1.48 (1.19, 1.83) | 0.0004 * | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.1236 | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) | 0.0007 * | 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) | 0.2627 |
Region | ||||||||||||
Northeast | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Midwest | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 0.1206 | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) | 0.1687 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) | 0.2762 | 1.20 (0.93, 1.54) | 0.1567 | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 0.801 | 0.98 (0.78, 1.24) | 0.8709 |
South | 1.27 (1.08, 1.49) | 0.0033 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | 0.7133 | 0.90 (0.74, 1.09) | 0.2714 | 1.14 (0.90, 1.45) | 0.2776 | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 0.5902 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.9969 |
West | 1.21 (1.01, 1.46) | 0.0394 | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.4212 | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 0.3346 | 1.36 (1.05, 1.76) | 0.0215 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.47) | 0.3154 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) | 0.6625 |
Number of observations | 12,900 | 12,900 | 12,900 | 12,900 | 12,900 | 12,900 | ||||||
F-Test | 24.34 | 25.04 | 39.35 | 17.53 | 33.26 | 26.82 | ||||||
p-value | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | ||||||
F-adj mean res goodness of fit | 1.008 | 0.332 | 0.394 | 1.185 | 0.607 | 0.775 | ||||||
p-value | 0.431 | 0.965 | 0.939 | 0.299 | 0.792 | 0.640 |
Variable | Frequent TV Watching | Frequent Internet Use | Frequent Radio/Streaming Music | Daily Facebook Use | Daily Twitter Use | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | aOR | p-Value | |
LGB vs. Heterosexual | ||||||||||
Heterosexual | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
LGB | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 0.6931 | 1.89 (1.45, 2.46) | <0.0001 * | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 0.5356 | 1.63 (1.27, 2.11) | 0.0002 * | 1.45 (0.89, 2.37) | 0.1331 |
Smoker vs. Nonsmoker | ||||||||||
Nonsmoker | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Smoker | 1.33 (1.15, 1.54) | 0.0001 * | 1.38 (1.18, 1.62) | <0.0001 * | 1.11 (0.95, 1.28) | 0.19 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 0.196 | 1.01 (0.71, 1.46) | 0.9442 |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | ref | ref | ref | |||||||
Female | 0.82 (0.73, 0.92) | 0.0006 * | 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) | 0.126 | 0.75 (0.67, 0.85) | <0.0001 * | 1.80 (1.60, 2.03) | <0.0001 * | 0.75 (0.57, 0.98) | 0.0335 |
Age | ||||||||||
18–24 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
25–44 | 1.88 (1.35, 2.62) | 0.0002 * | 0.57 (0.44, 0.73) | <0.0001 * | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) | 0.2758 | 0.65 (0.51, 0.82) | 0.0004 * | 0.35 (0.24, 0.51) | <0.0001 * |
45–64 | 4.61 (3.34, 6.36) | <0.0001 * | 0.42 (0.33, 0.54) | <0.0001 * | 1.43 (1.10, 1.84) | 0.007 | 0.32 (0.25, 0.41) | <0.0001 * | 0.12 (0.08, 0.19) | <0.0001 * |
65+ | 4.69 (3.30, 6.67) | <0.0001 * | 0.22 (0.16, 0.31) | <0.0001 * | 1.25 (0.93, 1.69) | 0.141 | 0.17 (0.12, 0.22) | <0.0001 * | 0.05 (0.02, 0.13) | <0.0001 * |
Race | ||||||||||
White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Black | 0.84 (0.68, 1.03) | 0.0931 | 1.38 (1.11, 1.71) | 0.0031 | 0.60 (0.48, 0.75) | <0.0001 * | 0.46 (0.37, 0.58 | <0.0001 * | 1.82 (1.21, 2.74) | 0.0043 |
Hispanic | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.0216 | 1.23 (0.99, 1.53) | 0.0674 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.13) | 0.3996 | 0.74 (0.60, 0.92) | 0.0053 | 1.62 (1.13, 2.34) | 0.0095 |
Other or Multi | 0.71 (0.55, 0.93) | 0.0111 | 1.98 (1.53, 2.55) | <0.0001 * | 0.61 (0.47, 0.79) | 0.0002 * | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 0.0081 | 0.96 (0.57, 1.64) | 0.89 |
Education | ||||||||||
Some HS or Less | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
HS Graduate | 1.30 (0.98, 1.72) | 0.0729 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.6978 | 1.33 (0.96, 1.85) | 0.0891 | 1.34 (1.00, 1.79) | 0.0469 | 0.53 (0.28, 1.00) | 0.0518 |
Some College | 1.18 (0.89, 1.57) | 0.2475 | 1.18 (0.88, 1.58) | 0.274 | 1.65 (1.19, 2.29) | 0.0026 * | 1.51 (1.13, 2.01) | 0.0047 | 0.90 (0.49, 1.66) | 0.7338 |
Bachelor Degree | 1.17 (0.88, 1.57) | 0.2806 | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) | 0.2774 | 2.00 (1.43, 2.80) | <0.0001 * | 1.37 (1.02, 1.85) | 0.0386 | 1.42 (0.75, 2.68) | 0.2855 |
Master’s Degree or Higher | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.5461 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.04) | 0.0867 | 2.05 (1.45, 2.89) | <0.0001 * | 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) | 0.1394 | 1.39 (0.69, 2.77) | 0.3553 |
Employment | ||||||||||
Unemployed—In Labor Force | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Unemployed—Not in Labor Force | 1.44 (1.17, 1.78) | 0.0007 * | 1.01 (0.80, 1.27) | 0.938 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.13) | 0.363 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.1543 | 0.38 (0.19, 0.75) | 0.0055 |
Employed | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | 0.069 | 0.54 (0.45, 0.65) | <0.0001 * | 1.59 (1.33, 1.90) | <0.0001 * | 0.97 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.7555 | 0.73 (0.52, 1.03) | 0.0776 |
Region | ||||||||||
Northeast | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
Midwest | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.6322 | 0.78 (0.64, 0.94) | 0.011 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.6623 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.6696 | 1.30 (0.88, 1.93) | 0.1927 |
South | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | 0.4514 | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.0211 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.1347 | 1.00 (0.69, 1.46) | 0.997 |
West | 0.89 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.2129 | 0.83 (0.68, 1.02) | 0.0822 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.6657 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.7044 | 1.05 (0.69, 1.60) | 0.8285 |
Number of observations | 12,838 | 12,774 | 12,900 | 12,900 | 12,900 | |||||
F-Test | 27.28 | 18.37 | 14.07 | 30.4 | 14.38 | |||||
p-value | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | |||||
F-adj mean res goodness of fit | 0.82 | 1.169 | 0.763 | 1.949 | 0.179 | |||||
p-value | 0.598 | 0.31 | 0.651 | 0.041 | 0.996 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Seidenberg, A.B.; Jo, C.L.; Ribisl, K.M.; Lee, J.G.L.; Buchting, F.O.; Kim, Y.; Emery, S.L. A National Study of Social Media, Television, Radio, and Internet Usage of Adults by Sexual Orientation and Smoking Status: Implications for Campaign Design. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040450
Seidenberg AB, Jo CL, Ribisl KM, Lee JGL, Buchting FO, Kim Y, Emery SL. A National Study of Social Media, Television, Radio, and Internet Usage of Adults by Sexual Orientation and Smoking Status: Implications for Campaign Design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(4):450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040450
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeidenberg, Andrew B., Catherine L. Jo, Kurt M. Ribisl, Joseph G. L. Lee, Francisco O. Buchting, Yoonsang Kim, and Sherry L. Emery. 2017. "A National Study of Social Media, Television, Radio, and Internet Usage of Adults by Sexual Orientation and Smoking Status: Implications for Campaign Design" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4: 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040450