Sludge Biochar Amendment and Alfalfa Revegetation Improve Soil Physicochemical Properties and Increase Diversity of Soil Microbes in Soils from a Rare Earth Element Mining Wasteland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Soil, Preparation of Sludge Biochar, and Revegetation Plant
2.2. Trial Set-Up and Sampling
2.3. Analysis of Soil Physicochemical Properties
2.4. Analysis of Soil Microbiota
2.4.1. Extraction of Soil DNA
2.4.2. Gene Amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Illumina Sequencing
2.4.3. High-Throughput Sequencing Data Processing
2.5. Analysis of Plant Growth and Their Root Morphology
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Response of Soil Physicochemical Properties to Alfalfa Revegetation and Sludge Biochar Amendment
3.1.1. Effects on Soil Physical Properties
3.1.2. Effect on Soil Chemical Properties
3.2. Response of Soil Microbial Community to Alfalfa Revegetation and Sludge Biochar Amendment
3.2.1. Soil Microbial Alpha Diversity
3.2.2. Soil Microbial Community Structure
3.3. The Complex Relationship between Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities, and the Response of Plant Growth to Remediation
3.3.1. Redundancy Analyses of Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Community
3.3.2. Responses of Plant Growth and Root Morphology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Soil | Sludge Biochar |
---|---|---|
Clay (%) | 7.64 ± 0.27 | - |
Silt (%) | 15.48 ± 0.32 | - |
Sand (%) | 76.88 ± 0.38 | - |
pH | 5.44 ± 0.02 | 6.17 ± 0.03 |
Electrical conductivity (μS/cm) | 45.16 ± 1.03 | 272.67 ± 6.06 |
Organic carbon (g/kg) | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 97.32 ± 2.78 |
Total nitrogen (g/kg) | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 2.48 ± 0.02 |
C/N ratio | 3.44 ± 0.37 | 39.31 ± 0.72 |
Available nitrogen (mg/kg) | 10.35 ± 2.58 | 378.93 ± 10.19 |
Available phosphorus (mg/kg) | 9.43 ± 2.31 | 712.61 ± 12.24 |
Available potassium (mg/kg) | 10.62 ± 1.51 | 172.97 ± 5.92 |
BET surface area (m2/g) | - | 47.03 ± 0.02 |
Pore volume (cm3/g) | - | 0.06 ± 0.001 |
Pore size (nm) | - | 5.16 ± 0.01 |
Treatments | Mine Soil (kg) | Alfalfa Seed (g) | Sludge Biochar (kg) |
---|---|---|---|
CK | 5 | - | - |
G | 5 | 5 | - |
SBC | 4.75 | - | 0.25 |
SBCG | 4.75 | 5 | 0.25 |
Microbial Group | Indices | CK | G | SBC | SBCG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | Number of OTUs | 927 ± 36 a | 1332 ± 15 b | 1278 ± 62 b | 1341 ± 8 b |
ACE | 3220 ± 395 a | 3366 ± 192 a | 3270 ± 221 a | 3430 ± 157 a | |
Chao 1 | 2309 ± 240 a | 2603 ± 166 a | 2565 ± 142 a | 2630 ± 84 a | |
Shannon | 3.55 ± 0.04 a | 4.89 ± 0.02 c | 4.62 ± 0.02 b | 4.98 ± 0.07 c | |
Simpson | 0.092 ± 0.00 d | 0.020 ± 0.00 c | 0.028 ± 0.00 c | 0.017 ± 0.00 b | |
Coverage | 0.99 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 b | 0.98 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 a | |
Fungi | Number of OTUs | 361 ± 17 a | 496 ± 7 a | 427 ± 18 a | 514 ± 91 a |
ACE | 1074 ± 107 a | 1558 ± 27 b | 1085 ± 89 a | 1798 ± 69 b | |
Chao 1 | 752 ± 42 a | 1093 ± 111 b | 1079 ± 131 b | 1157 ± 52 b | |
Shannon | 1.96 ± 0.07 a | 3.07 ± 0.02 b,c | 2.72 ± 0.07 b | 3.32 ± 0.02 c | |
Simpson | 0.340 ± 0.02 b | 0.107 ± 0.00 a | 0.140 ± 0.00 a | 0.011 ± 0.00 a | |
Coverage | 0.99 ± 0.00 a | 0.99 ± 0.00 a | 0.99 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 a |
Soil Parameters | Bacterial Variation Explains (%) | F-Value | p-Value | Soil Parameters | Fungal Variation Explains (%) | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Available potassium | 74.3 | 28.955 | 0.0020 | pH | 72.5 | 26.356 | 0.0020 |
pH | 67.1 | 20.375 | 0.0080 | Available potassium | 64.9 | 18.496 | 0.0020 |
C/N | 67.0 | 20.316 | 0.0040 | C/N | 64.6 | 18.283 | 0.0020 |
Bulk density | 49.9 | 9.950 | 0.0040 | EC (Electrical conductivity) | 59.5 | 14.677 | 0.0020 |
Water-holding capacity | 49.4 | 9.754 | 0.0040 | Available nitrogen | 57.9 | 13.765 | 0.0020 |
Specific gravity | 47.5 | 9.061 | 0.0060 | Total nitrogen | 54.8 | 12.128 | 0.0020 |
EC (Electrical conductivity) | 46.7 | 8.769 | 0.0040 | Organic matter | 51.2 | 10.491 | 0.0020 |
Available nitrogen | 46.1 | 8.555 | 0.0120 | Bulk density | 39.3 | 6.488 | 0.0240 |
Total nitrogen | 43.1 | 7.575 | 0.0100 | Water-holding capacity | 37.2 | 5.930 | 0.0180 |
Organic matter | 40.8 | 6.879 | 0.0120 | Specific gravity | 36.7 | 5.790 | 0.0220 |
Total porosity | 39.2 | 6.456 | 0.0040 | Total porosity | 32.3 | 4.761 | 0.0440 |
Available phosphorus | 17.2 | 2.074 | 0.1420 | Available phosphorus | 26.0 | 3.522 | 0.0420 |
Total | 98.9 | Total | 99.0 |
Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Shoot Biomass (g) | Root Biomass (g) | Total Biomass (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
G | 8.98 ± 0.24 a | 5.36 ± 0.35 a | 8.53 ± 0.03 a | 13.89 ± 0.34 a |
SBCG | 11.09 ± 0.15 b | 7.64 ± 0.26 b | 11.55 ± 0.04 b | 19.20 ± 0.22 b |
Treatments | TRL (cm) | RSA (cm2) | RV (cm3) | RAD (mm) | RTN | RFN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | 96.70 ± 1.79 a | 12.05 ± 1.17 a | 0.19 ± 0.04 a | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 161.67 ± 5.36 a | 293.00 ± 6.56 a |
SBCG | 120.67 ± 4.35 b | 18.38 ± 0.96 b | 0.53 ± 0.04 b | 0.58 ± 0.01 b | 249.00 ± 5.69 b | 365.00 ± 18.90 b |
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Luo, C.; Deng, Y.; Inubushi, K.; Liang, J.; Zhu, S.; Wei, Z.; Guo, X.; Luo, X. Sludge Biochar Amendment and Alfalfa Revegetation Improve Soil Physicochemical Properties and Increase Diversity of Soil Microbes in Soils from a Rare Earth Element Mining Wasteland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050965
Luo C, Deng Y, Inubushi K, Liang J, Zhu S, Wei Z, Guo X, Luo X. Sludge Biochar Amendment and Alfalfa Revegetation Improve Soil Physicochemical Properties and Increase Diversity of Soil Microbes in Soils from a Rare Earth Element Mining Wasteland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050965
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Caigui, Yangwu Deng, Kazuyuki Inubushi, Jian Liang, Sipin Zhu, Zhenya Wei, Xiaobin Guo, and Xianping Luo. 2018. "Sludge Biochar Amendment and Alfalfa Revegetation Improve Soil Physicochemical Properties and Increase Diversity of Soil Microbes in Soils from a Rare Earth Element Mining Wasteland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050965