Relationships of Lower Lung Fibrosis, Pleural Disease, and Lung Mass with Occupational, Household, Neighborhood, and Slate Roof-Dense Area Residential Asbestos Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. HIS Items: Questionnaire and Chest Radiograph
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence Rates of LLF, PD, and LM by Subject Characteristics and Exposre
3.2. Occupational and Household Exposures and Radiologic Abnormalities
3.3. Neighborhood and Slate Roof Exposure and Slate Root-Dense Areas
3.4. Trends in Combined Variables of Exposure Routes and Durations
3.5. Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | LLF | PD | LM | Subjects Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Rate | p-Value | Case | Rate | p-Value | Case | Rate | p-Value | No. | % | |
Sex | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.6063 | ||||||||
Female | 120 | 1.9 | 211 | 3.4 | 61 | 1 | 6160 | 55.1 | |||
Male | 264 | 5.3 | 295 | 5.9 | 45 | 0.9 | 5026 | 44.9 | |||
Age (years) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
≤29 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0.1 | 943 | 8.4 | |||
30–39 | 6 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.9 | 7 | 0.3 | 2777 | 24.8 | |||
40–49 | 2 | 0.2 | 15 | 1.8 | 3 | 0.4 | 848 | 7.6 | |||
50–59 | 44 | 2.1 | 88 | 4.3 | 12 | 0.6 | 2064 | 18.5 | |||
60–69 | 132 | 5 | 165 | 6.2 | 34 | 1.3 | 2643 | 23.6 | |||
≥70 | 200 | 10.5 | 204 | 10.7 | 49 | 2.6 | 1911 | 17.1 | |||
Smoking status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.7679 | ||||||||
Never | 156 | 2.1 | 268 | 3.7 | 66 | 0.9 | 7302 | 65.3 | |||
Ex-smoker | 140 | 6.6 | 154 | 7.2 | 21 | 1 | 2131 | 19.1 | |||
Present smoker | 88 | 5 | 84 | 4.8 | 19 | 1.1 | 1753 | 15.7 | |||
Exposure routes | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
No exposure | 11 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.4 | 2022 | 18.1 | |||
Occupational | 9 | 2.4 | 8 | 2.1 | 1 | 0.3 | 378 | 3.4 | |||
Household | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 274 | 2.4 | |||
Neighbor | 204 | 3.4 | 286 | 4.8 | 50 | 0.8 | 5960 | 53.3 | |||
Slate | 30 | 5.0 | 42 | 7.0 | 25 | 4.2 | 599 | 5.4 | |||
Occupational + Household | 2 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 65 | 0.6 | |||
Occupational + Neighbor | 69 | 12.5 | 58 | 10.5 | 6 | 1.1 | 553 | 4.9 | |||
Occupational + Slate | 4 | 7.8 | 6 | 11.8 | 2 | 3.9 | 51 | 0.5 | |||
Household + Neighbor | 12 | 2.1 | 18 | 3.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 580 | 5.2 | |||
Household + Slate | 2 | 4.0 | 4 | 8.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 50 | 0.4 | |||
Neighbor + Slate | 19 | 4.6 | 47 | 11.5 | 10 | 2.4 | 410 | 3.7 | |||
Occupational + Household + Neighbor | 10 | 7.9 | 8 | 6.4 | 3 | 2.4 | 126 | 1.1 | |||
Occupational + Household + Slate | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 0.1 | |||
Occupational + Neighbor + Slate | 7 | 13.0 | 7 | 13.0 | 1 | 1.9 | 54 | 0.5 | |||
Household + Neighbor + Slate | 1 | 2.9 | 3 | 8.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 34 | 0.3 | |||
Occupational + Household + Neighbor + Slate | 3 | 16.7 | 5 | 27.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 18 | 0.2 | |||
Total | 384 | 3.4 | 506 | 4.5 | 106 | 0.9 | 11,186 | 100.0 * |
Variable | Occupational Exposure n (%) | Household Exposure n (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLF | PD | LM | LLF | PD | LM | ||
Occupation type | No exposure | 280 (2.8) | 411 (4.1) | 93 (0.9) | 353 (3.5) | 464 (4.6) | 102 (1.0) |
Production | Mine | 6 (21.4) | 5 (17.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Cement | 4 (14.3) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (4.6) | 1 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
Friction, joint sheet | 2 (6.9) | 5 (17.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Textile | 5 (11.9) | 5 (11.9) | 2 (4.8) | 3 (14.3) | 5 (23.8) | 1 (4.8) | |
Use | Construction | 23 (9.9) | 17 (7.3) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Chemical, power plant | 4 (5.6) | 5 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.0) | 9 (7.2) | 1 (0.8) | |
Plumbing, insulation | 7 (5.6) | 11 (8.7) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Automobile, train repair | 2 (5.7) | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (2.9) | |
Shipbuilding, ship repair | 37 (9.1) | 27 (6.6) | 5 (1.2) | 8 (2.1) | 7 (2.0) | 1 (0.3) | |
Others | 14 (5.5) | 16 (6.3) | 2 (0.8) | 11 (4.5) | 5 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
p-value (Fisher’s exact) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.3889 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.236 | |
Duration | No exposure | 280 (2.8) | 411 (4.1) | 93 (0.9) | 353 (3.5) | 464 (4.6) | 102 (1.0) |
≤4 years | 25 (5.7) | 24 (5.4) | 3 (0.7) | 16 (2.4) | 22 (3.3) | 2 (0.3) | |
5–9 years | 15 (8.2) | 18 (9.9) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (1.0) | 4 (4.1) | 1 (1.0) | |
10–19 years | 13 (5.7) | 14 (6.1) | 2 (0.9) | 7 (5.3) | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
≥20 years | 51 (12.6) | 39 (9.7) | 5 (1.2) | 7 (2.8) | 10 (4.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
p-value (X2 test) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.7942 | 0.2052 | 0.5580 | 0.2244 |
Variable | Neighborhood Exposure | Slate Roof and Slate Roof-Dense Area | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLF | PD | LM | LLF | PD | LM | ||
Exposure type | No exposure | 59 (1.7) | 74 (2.1) | 35 (1.0) | 318 (3.2) | 389 (3.9) | 68 (0.7) |
Category1 * | 302 (4.0) | 390 (5.2) | 68 (0.9) | 35 (3.8) | 75 (8.1) | 8 (0.9) | |
Category2 ** | 23 (10.5) | 42 (19.1) | 3 (1.4) | 31 (10.4) | 42 (14.0) | 30 (10.0) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.6994 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Duration | No exposure | 59 (1.7) | 74 (2.1) | 35 (1.0) | 318 (3.2) | 389 (3.9) | 68 (0.7) |
<4 years | 30 (1.3) | 55 (2.5) | 14 (0.6) | 3 (2.2) | 11 (8.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
5–9 years | 41 (1.9) | 80 (3.7) | 5 (0.2) | 8 (5.4) | 12 (8.1) | 3 (2.0) | |
10–19 years | 157 (6.5) | 194 (8.0) | 30 (1.2) | 10 (5.0) | 17 (8.5) | 3 (1.5) | |
≥20 years | 97 (10.6) | 103 (11.2) | 22 (2.4) | 45 (6.0) | 77 (10.4) | 31 (4.2) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Type | Type and Duration (Year) | LLF n (%) | PD n (%) | LM n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Occupational | No exposure | 9649 (97.2) | 280 (2.8) | 9518 (95.9) | 411 (4.1) | 9836 (99.1) | 93 (0.9) |
Use & ≤19 years | 698 (94.7) | 39 (5.3) | 694 (94.2) | 43 (5.8) | 732 (99.3) | 5 (0.7) | |
Use & ≥20 years | 345 (87.8) | 48 (12.2) | 357 (90.8) | 36 (9.2) | 388 (98.7) | 5 (1.3) | |
Production & ≤19 years | 102 (87.9) | 14 (12.1) | 103 (88.8) | 13 (11.2) | 113 (97.4) | 3 (2.6) | |
Production & ≥20 years | 8 (72.7) | 3 (27.3) | 8 (72.7) | 3 (27.3) | 11 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
p-value | X2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0013 | |||
Trend test | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1428 | ||||
Household | No exposure | 9674 (96.5) | 353 (3.5) | 9563 (95.4) | 464 (4.6) | 9925 (99.0) | 102 (1.0) |
Use & ≤4 years | 598 (97.7) | 14 (2.3) | 596 (97.4) | 16 (2.6) | 611 (99.8) | 1 (0.2) | |
Use & ≥5 years | 444 (97.2) | 13 (2.8) | 440 (96.3) | 17 (3.7) | 455 (99.6) | 2 (0.4) | |
Production & ≤4 years | 62 (96.9) | 2 (3.1) | 58 (90.6) | 6 (9.4) | 63 (98.4) | 1 (1.6) | |
Production & ≥5 years | 249 (92.3) | 2 (7.7) | 23 (88.5) | 3 (11.5) | 26 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
p-value | X2 | 0.3341 | 0.0137 | 0.1778 | |||
Trend test | 0.2009 | 0.4177 | 0.0876 | ||||
Neighbor | No exposure | 3392 (98.3) | 59 (1.7) | 3377 (97.9) | 74 (2.1) | 3416 (99.0) | 35 (1.0) |
Factory & ≤19 years | 6399 (96.9) | 205 (3.1) | 6314 (95.6) | 290 (4.4) | 6558 (99.3) | 46 (0.7) | |
Factory & ≥20 years | 814 (89.4) | 97 (10.7) | 811 (89) | 100 (11.0) | 889 (97.6) | 22 (2.4) | |
Mine & ≤19 years | 192 (89.3) | 23 (10.7) | 176 (81.9) | 39 (18.1) | 212 (98.6) | 3 (1.4) | |
Mine & ≥20 years | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
p-value | X2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
Trend test | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.7600 | ||||
Slate roof | No exposure | 9640 (96.8) | 318 (3.2) | 9569 (96.1) | 389 (3.9) | 9890 (99.3) | 68 (0.7) |
Roof & ≤19 years | 427 (96.6) | 15 (3.4) | 408 (92.3) | 34 (7.7) | 438 (99.1) | 4 (0.9) | |
Roof & ≥20 years | 467 (95.9) | 20 (4.1) | 446 (91.6) | 41 (8.4) | 483 (99.2) | 4 (0.8) | |
Roof in dense area & ≤19 years | 39 (86.7) | 6 (13.3) | 39 (86.7) | 6 (13.3) | 42 (93.3) | 3 (6.7) | |
Roof in dense area & ≥20 years | 229 (90.2) | 25 (9.8) | 218 (85.8) | 36 (14.2) | 227 (89.4) | 27 (10.6) | |
p-value | X2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
Trend test | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Variable | LLF | PD | LM | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Multiple * | Full ** | Simple | Multiple | Full | Simple | Multiple | Full | |||||||||||||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||||||||||
Occupational | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No exposure | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Use & ≤19 years | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 |
Use & ≥20 years | 4.8 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 3.4 |
Production | 5.3 | 3.2 | 9.0 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 8.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 7.6 |
Household | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No exposure | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Use & ≤4 years | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 |
Use & ≥5 years | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 2.4 |
Production | 1.3 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 7.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 5.6 |
Neighbor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No exposure | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Factory & ≤19 years | 1.8 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 5.2 |
Factory & ≥20 years | 6.9 | 4.9 | 9.6 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 5.5 | 12.3 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 7.7 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 5.5 | 11.6 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 11.4 |
Mine | 6.7 | 4.1 | 11.1 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 7.2 | 16.2 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 5.6 | 14.4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 8.1 |
Slate roof | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No exposure | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Roof & ≤19 years | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 |
Roof & ≥20 years | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
Roof in dense area | 3.5 | 2.4 | 5.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 8.8 | 5.6 | 13.8 | 16.2 | 10.4 | 25.3 | 8.7 | 5.4 | 14.2 | 20.5 | 10.4 | 40.4 |
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Share and Cite
Kang, D.; Kim, Y.-Y.; Shin, M.; Lee, M.-S.; Bae, H.-J.; Kim, S.-Y.; Kim, Y.-K. Relationships of Lower Lung Fibrosis, Pleural Disease, and Lung Mass with Occupational, Household, Neighborhood, and Slate Roof-Dense Area Residential Asbestos Exposure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081638
Kang D, Kim Y-Y, Shin M, Lee M-S, Bae H-J, Kim S-Y, Kim Y-K. Relationships of Lower Lung Fibrosis, Pleural Disease, and Lung Mass with Occupational, Household, Neighborhood, and Slate Roof-Dense Area Residential Asbestos Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(8):1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081638
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Dongmug, Yu-Young Kim, Minseung Shin, Min-Su Lee, Hee-Joo Bae, Se-Yeong Kim, and Young-Ki Kim. 2018. "Relationships of Lower Lung Fibrosis, Pleural Disease, and Lung Mass with Occupational, Household, Neighborhood, and Slate Roof-Dense Area Residential Asbestos Exposure" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081638