Walking and Sun Protective Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Associations of Beneficial Health Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Sun Protective Behaviors
2.3. Walking Behaviors
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Walking Prevalence
3.2. General Population
3.3. Sun-Sensitive Individuals
3.4. Walking Duration
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | No Reported Walking | Transportation Walking Only | Leisure Walking Only | Both Transportation and Leisure Walking | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 26,632 | 36.0 (35.1–36.9) | 11.1 (10.5–11.6) | 32.2 (31.3–33.1) | 20.8 (20.1–21.5) |
Regular sunscreen use (SPF15+) b | |||||
Yes | 8322 | 26.2 (24.9–27.6) | 10.0 (9.1–10.9) | 38.6 (37.0–40.2) | 25.2 (23.7–26.6) |
No | 18,310 | 40.7 (39.6–41.8) | 11.6 (10.9–12.3) | 29.0 (28.0–30.0) | 18.7 (17.9–19.4) |
Regular sun avoidance c | |||||
Yes | 11,154 | 39.6 (38.3–40.8) | 11.3 (10.5–12.2) | 30.7 (29.4–31.9) | 18.4 (17.4–19.4) |
No | 15,478 | 33.5 (32.3–34.6) | 10.9 (10.2–11.6) | 33.2 (32.1–34.3) | 22.4 (21.4–23.5) |
Regular sun protective clothing use d | |||||
Yes | 10,443 | 34.5 (33.2–35.7) | 11.3 (10.4–12.2) | 31.7 (30.4–32.9) | 22.6 (21.4–23.8) |
No | 16,189 | 36.8 (35.7–38.0) | 10.9 (10.2–11.6) | 32.5 (31.3–33.6) | 19.8 (18.9–20.7) |
At least 1 sunburn in past 12 months | |||||
Yes | 8878 | 30.6 (29.2–31.9) | 11.2 (10.3–12.2) | 34.6 (33.2–36.0) | 23.6 (22.2–24.9) |
No | 17,754 | 39.0 (37.9–40.1) | 11.0 (10.3–11.6) | 30.8 (29.8–31.8) | 19.2 (18.4–20.1) |
Gender | |||||
Women | 14,324 | 35.0 (34.0–36.1) | 9.9 (9.2–10.6) | 35.6 (34.4–36.7) | 19.5 (18.5–20.5) |
Men | 12,308 | 36.9 (35.7–38.2) | 12.3 (11.4–13.1) | 28.7 (27.5–29.9) | 22.1 (21.1–22.2) |
Age group | |||||
18–24 | 2508 | 35.1 (32.3–37.8) | 15.6 (13.6–17.6) | 25.6 (23.1–28.1) | 23.8 (21.3–26.2) |
25–34 | 4872 | 33.1 (31.3–34.9) | 11.4 (10.2–12.7) | 32.7 (30.8–34.6) | 22.7 (21.1–24.3) |
35–44 | 4414 | 34.4 (32.3–36.5) | 11.0 (9.9–12.0) | 32.7 (30.6–34.7) | 22.0 (20.2–23.8) |
45–64 | 9083 | 35.3 (33.9–36.5) | 10.6 (9.7–11.5) | 33.8 (32.2–35.4) | 20.2 (18.9–21.5) |
≥65 | 5755 | 43.0 (41.2–44.8) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 32.8 (31.1–34.4) | 16.3 (14.9–17.6) |
Ethnicity | |||||
White, non-Hispanic | 16,709 | 35.0 (33.9–36.2) | 9.9 (9.2–10.6) | 34.5 (33.4–35.7) | 20.6 (19.6–21.5) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 3235 | 43.0 (40.6–45.3) | 13.7 (11.9–15.5) | 23.1 (21.1–25.1) | 20.3 (18.2–22.4) |
Hispanic | 4467 | 38.0 (36.1–39.9) | 13.0 (11.6–14.4) | 28.7 (26.9–30.4) | 20.6 (18.8–21.9) |
Other ethnicity | 2221 | 29.9 (27.2–32.6) | 13.2 (11.4–15.0) | 32.4 (29.7–35.1) | 24.4 (21.9–26.9) |
Skin reaction after 2 weeks in sun | |||||
Very dark tan | 3335 | 36.1 (33.8–38.4) | 12.3 (10.7–13.8) | 30.8 (28.5–33.1) | 20.8 (18.9–22.6) |
Moderate tan | 8376 | 34.2 (32.8–35.6) | 10.5 (9.6–11.5) | 34.0 (32.7–35.4) | 21.3 (20.0–22.5) |
Mild tan | 8298 | 34.9 (33.5–36.4) | 11.6 (10.6–12.6) | 31.6 (30.2–32.9) | 21.9 (20.7–23.1) |
Burn repeatedly or freckle | 4509 | 32.9 (30.9–34.9) | 10.6 (9.3–11.8) | 36.0 (33.8–38.2) | 20.5 (18.7–22.2) |
Do not go in the sun | 2114 | 55.6 (52.4–58.8) | 10.2 (8.5–11.8) | 19.7 (17.3–22.1) | 14.6 (12.6–16.7) |
Physical activity level e | |||||
Inactive | 7932 | 63.5 (62.0–65.1) | 12.5 (11.4–13.5) | 15.2 (14.1–16.2) | 8.9 (8.0–9.7) |
Insufficiently active | 5387 | 33.7 (32.0–35.5) | 11.2 (10.0–12.4) | 37.4 (35.6–39.2) | 17.7 (16.3–19.1) |
Sufficiently active | 4355 | 22.4 (20.7–24.2) | 11.8 (10.5–13.2) | 41.8 (39.8–43.9) | 23.9 (22.0–25.7) |
Highly active | 8958 | 21.5 (20.2–22.7) | 9.5 (8.7–10.3) | 38.2 (36.7–39.7) | 30.8 (29.3–32.3) |
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Tribby, C.P.; Perna, F.M.; Berrigan, D. Walking and Sun Protective Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Associations of Beneficial Health Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132361
Tribby CP, Perna FM, Berrigan D. Walking and Sun Protective Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Associations of Beneficial Health Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(13):2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132361
Chicago/Turabian StyleTribby, Calvin P., Frank M. Perna, and David Berrigan. 2019. "Walking and Sun Protective Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Associations of Beneficial Health Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13: 2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132361