Prevalence and Risk Factors for Undiagnosed Glucose Intolerance Status in Apparently Healthy Young Adults Aged <40 Years: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement and Classification of Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Normal | Undiagnosed Prediabetes | Undiagnosed Diabetes | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 1217 (69.5) | 567 (29.1) | 29 (1.4) | |
Age (years) | 28.53 ± 0.182 | 31.91 ± 0.283 | 32.45 ± 1.013 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.91 ± 0.110 | 25.81 ± 0.182 | 30.09 ± 1.128 | <0.001 |
Obesity (%) a | <0.001 | |||
Normal | 66.7 | 44.7 | 13.1 | |
Obese class I | 28.3 | 41.8 | 37.8 | |
Obese class II | 5.0 | 13.5 | 49.1 | |
WC (cm) | 82.97 ± 0.287 | 88.23 ± 0.474 | 100.59 ± 2.654 | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 90 cm) (%) | 20.6 | 39.7 | 78.0 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 114.12 ± 0.371 | 118.11 ± 0.565 | 124.59 ± 1.886 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.46 ± 0.309 | 79.46 ± 0.430 | 85.26 ± 2.359 | <0.001 |
Undiagnosed hypertension (%) b | 7.6 | 13.3 | 35.4 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.21 ± 0.007 | 5.61 ± 0.011 | 7.87 ± 0.426 | <0.001 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 88.98 ± 0.180 | 99.48 ± 0.391 | 171.81 ± 12.302 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 133.21 ± 3.230 | 174.87 ± 5.663 | 350.06 ± 57.844 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.90 ± 0.329 | 46.59 ± 0.468 | 39.46 ± 1.438 | <0.001 |
Undiagnosed dyslipidemia (%) c | 35.8 | 50.3 | 85.6 | <0.001 |
Family history of diabetes (yes, %) | 13.7 | 27.0 | 34.1 | <0.001 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 40.5 | 29.8 | 18.8 | |
Past | 20.7 | 25.0 | 18.0 | |
Current | 38.8 | 45.2 | 63.3 | |
Alcohol drinking (%) | 0.575 | |||
≤1/week | 33.3 | 31.3 | 27.0 | |
≥2/week | 66.5 | 68.7 | 73.0 | |
Family income d (%) | 0.068 | |||
<200 | 15.7 | 11.3 | 18.6 | |
200–399 | 34.2 | 39.9 | 26.9 | |
≥400 | 50.1 | 48.8 | 54.4 | |
Less than high school education (%) | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 0.328 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 54.2 | 48.1 | 47.7 | 0.080 |
Regular exercise e (yes, %) | 35.3 | 31.1 | 17.4 | 0.049 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2589.17 ± 35.660 | 2587.72 ± 49.098 | 2750.28 ± 181.685 | 0.679 |
Normal | Undiagnosed Prediabetes | Undiagnosed Diabetes | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 2022 (78.6) | 581 (20.5) | 26 (0.9) | |
Age (years) | 29.32 ± 0.170 | 31.65 ± 0.279 | 33.80 ± 1.611 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.62 ± 0.079 | 23.44 ± 0.218 | 30.67 ± 1.471 | <0.001 |
Obesity (%) a | <0.001 | |||
Normal | 86.7 | 70.3 | 22.6 | |
Obese class I | 11.3 | 20.3 | 18.0 | |
Obese class II | 2.0 | 9.4 | 59.4 | |
WC (cm) | 72.82 ± 0.218 | 77.61 ± 0.530 | 96.05 ± 3.708 | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 85 cm) (%) | 8.9 | 23.7 | 80.5 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 104.43 ± 0.239 | 106.99 ± 0.563 | 114.25 ± 2.337 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 69.67 ± 0.207 | 70.98 ± 0.458 | 77.26 ± 1.493 | <0.001 |
Undiagnosed hypertension (%) b | 1.2 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 0.018 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.20 ± 0.006 | 5.61 ± 0.013 | 8.12 ± 0.564 | <0.001 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 87.61 ± 0.157 | 96.35 ± 0.466 | 183.09 ± 17.739 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 82.41 ± 1.264 | 100.97 ± 3.156 | 183.61 ± 21.010 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.46 ± 0.305 | 55.08 ± 0.526 | 51.27 ± 2.493 | <0.001 |
Undiagnosed dyslipidemia (%) c | 27.3 | 39.5 | 73.4 | <0.001 |
Family history of diabetes (yes, %) | 18.9 | 27.5 | 60.2 | <0.001 |
Smoking (%) | 0.046 | |||
Never | 82.7 | 83.7 | 69.9 | |
Past | 10.3 | 8.4 | 6.6 | |
Current | 7.0 | 7.9 | 23.5 | |
Alcohol drinking (%) | 0.001 | |||
≤1/week | 51.5 | 61.2 | 66.7 | |
≥2/week | 48.5 | 38.8 | 33.3 | |
Family income d (%) | 0.549 | |||
<200 | 13.4 | 12.2 | 17.6 | |
200–399 | 33.2 | 36.9 | 42.3 | |
≥400 | 53.4 | 50.9 | 40.2 | |
Less than high school education (%) | 2.1 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 0.231 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 51.7 | 52.5 | 27.0 | 0.129 |
Regular exercise e (yes, %) | 27.6 | 25.4 | 30.7 | 0.602 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 1817.10 ± 19.566 | 1867.75 ± 34.864 | 1662.09 ± 164.416 | 0.299 |
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age (/1 year increasing) | 1.056 (0.969–1.151) | 0.211 | 1.044 (0.940–1.159) | 0.420 |
Obesity a | ||||
Normal | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Obese class I | 2.406 (0.469–12.351) | 0.293 | 0.704 (0.128–3.881) | 0.686 |
Obese class II | 9.808 (1.619–59.412) | 0.013 | 7.719 (1.332–44.747) | 0.023 |
Abdominal obesity (/no) b | ||||
Yes | 1.610 (0.343–7.553) | 0.546 | 4.221 (0.896–19.882) | 0.069 |
Undiagnosed hypertension (/no) c | ||||
Yes | 1.698 (0.708–4.072) | 0.235 | 0.227 (0.037–1.393) | 0.109 |
Undiagnosed dyslipidemia (/no) d | ||||
Yes | 3.415 (0.993–11.747) | 0.051 | 1.700 (0.609–4.745) | 0.311 |
Family history of diabetes | ||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Yes | 1.556 (0.634–3.819) | 0.334 | 3.407 (1.224–9.481) | 0.019 |
Smoking | ||||
Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Past | 1.104 (0.259–4.700) | 0.894 | 0.404 (0.077–2.130) | 0.285 |
Current | 1.597 (0.528–4.836) | 0.407 | 2.258 (0.726–7.020) | 0.159 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
≤1/week | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
≥2/week | 1.119 (0.400–3.133) | 0.830 | 0.673 (0.215–2.104) | 0.496 |
Family income e | ||||
<200 | 1.198 (0.344–4.174) | 0.776 | 1.317 (0.377–4.603) | 0.666 |
200–399 | 0.679 (0.260–1.768) | 0.427 | 1.638 (0.508–5.285) | 0.409 |
≥400 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Education | ||||
More than high school | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Less than high school | 1.002 (0.122–8.240) | 0.998 | 0.866 (0.117–6.405) | 0.888 |
Residence (/urban area) | ||||
Rural area | 1.141 (0.499–2.608) | 0.754 | 1.980 (0.738–5.310) | 0.175 |
Regular exercise f (/yes) | ||||
No | 0.691 (0.258–1.849) | 0.461 | 1.046 (0.395–2.769) | 0.928 |
Total energy intake | ||||
Low tertile | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Middle tertile | 2.324 (0.487–11.098) | 0.290 | 0.540 (0.175–1.667) | 0.284 |
High tertile | 2.520 (0.513–12.385) | 0.255 | 0.565 (0.162–1.967) | 0.369 |
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age (/1 year increasing) | 1.098 (1.072–1.124) | <0.001 | 1.067 (1.045–1.089) | <0.001 |
Obesity a | ||||
Normal | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Obese class I | 1.884 (1.388–2.559) | <0.001 | 1.708 (1.202–2.427) | 0.003 |
Obese class II | 3.506 (2.019–6.089) | <0.001 | 3.803 (1.985–7.289) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (/no) b | ||||
Yes | 1.153 (0.805–1.651) | 0.438 | 1.485 (0.977–2.256) | 0.064 |
Undiagnosed hypertension (/no) c | ||||
Yes | 0.925 (0.627–1.363) | 0.692 | 1.232 (0.587–2.588) | 0.581 |
Undiagnosed dyslipidemia (/no) d | ||||
Yes | 1.184 (0.927–1.512) | 0.175 | 1.209 (0.940–1.554) | 0.139 |
Family history of diabetes | ||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Yes | 1.805 (1.382–2.357) | <0.001 | 1.513 (1.156–1.980) | 0.003 |
Smoking | ||||
Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Past | 1.208 (0.882–1.656) | 0.238 | 0.797 (0.549–1.158) | 0.233 |
Current | 1.112 (0.841–1.472) | 0.456 | 1.125 (0.745–1.700) | 0.575 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
≤1/week | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
≥2/week | 1.001 (0.775–1.293) | 0.994 | 0.684 (0.539–0.867) | 0.002 |
Family income e | ||||
<200 | 0.942 (0.634–1.400) | 0.768 | 1.024 (0.673–1.557) | 0.911 |
200–399 | 1.124 (0.865–1.461) | 0.380 | 1.068 (0.834–1.369) | 0.601 |
≥400 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Education | ||||
More than high school | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Less than high school | 1.554 (0.548–4.405) | 0.497 | 1.118 (0.560–2.231) | 0.752 |
Residence (/urban area) | ||||
Rural area | 1.173 (0.917–1.500) | 0.203 | 0.838 (0.667–1.053) | 0.129 |
Regular exercise f (/yes) | ||||
No | 0.923 (0.724–1.178) | 0.521 | 0.981 (0.770–1.249) | 0.875 |
Total energy intake | ||||
Low tertile | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Middle tertile | 1.036 (0.729–1.474) | 0.842 | 1.112 (0.866–1.428) | 0.406 |
High tertile | 1.101 (0.799–1.517) | 0.556 | 1.192 (0.872–1.630) | 0.270 |
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Lyu, Y.S.; Kim, S.Y.; Bae, H.Y.; Kim, J.H. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Undiagnosed Glucose Intolerance Status in Apparently Healthy Young Adults Aged <40 Years: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132393
Lyu YS, Kim SY, Bae HY, Kim JH. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Undiagnosed Glucose Intolerance Status in Apparently Healthy Young Adults Aged <40 Years: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(13):2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132393
Chicago/Turabian StyleLyu, Young Sang, Sang Yong Kim, Hak Yeon Bae, and Jin Hwa Kim. 2019. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Undiagnosed Glucose Intolerance Status in Apparently Healthy Young Adults Aged <40 Years: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13: 2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132393