Study Design, Rationale and Procedures for Human Biomonitoring of Hazardous Chemicals from Foods and Cooking in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Design
2.1. Selection of Subjects
2.2. Selection of Hazardous Compounds
2.3. Collection of Bio-Specimens
2.4. Sample Delivery and Management
2.5. Sample Analyses and Quality Control
2.6. Questionnaires
3. Results of Biomonitoring Data
4. Data Management System
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N | % |
---|---|---|
Total | 2139 | 100 |
Age | ||
<29 | 293 | 13.7 |
30–39 | 474 | 22.2 |
40–49 | 518 | 24.2 |
50–59 | 488 | 22.8 |
60–69 | 366 | 17.1 |
Sex | ||
Male | 889 | 41.6 |
Female | 1250 | 58.4 |
Marriage status | ||
Single | 307 | 14.4 |
Married, joint/widow | 1680 | 78.6 |
Married, separate | 150 | 7 |
Monthly family income | ||
Less than $1000 | 466 | 21.8 |
$1000–$3000 | 1010 | 47.2 |
$3000–$5000 | 494 | 23.1 |
Over $5000 | 167 | 7.9 |
Residential area | ||
Urban | 1589 | 74.3 |
Suburban | 64 | 3.0 |
Rural | 486 | 22.7 |
Hazardous Compound | Chemical | Abbreviations | Analytical Method |
---|---|---|---|
Acrylamides | |||
Acrylamide | EPA method 8316 | ||
Glycidamide | |||
N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)cystein | |||
Heterocyclic amines | |||
2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5f]quinoline | IQ | ||
2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole | Glu-P-1 | ||
2-amino-dipyrodo [1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole | Glu-P-2 | ||
2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-Imidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline | MeIQx | ||
2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline | MeIQ | ||
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine | PhIP | ||
2-amino-9H-pyrodo[2,3-b]indole | AαC | ||
2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrodo[2,3-b]indole) | MeAαC | ||
Perfluorocarbons | EPA method 537 | ||
Perflouropentanoic acids, | PFPA | ||
Perflourohexanoic acids, | PFHxA | ||
Perflouroheptanoic acids, | PFHpA | ||
Perfluorooctanoic acids, | PFOA | ||
Perfluorononanoic acids, | PFNA | ||
Perflourodecanoic acids, | PFDA | ||
Perflourohexanesulfonic acids, | PFHxS | ||
Perflouroheptanesulfonic acid, | PFHpS | ||
Perflourooctanesulfonic acids, | PFOS | ||
Perflourononanesulfonic acids) | PFNS | ||
Phenols | EPA method 604 | ||
t-butylphenol | t-BP | ||
n-butylphenol | n-BP | ||
n-pentylphenol | n-PP | ||
n-hexylphenol | n-HX | ||
n-heptylphenol | n-HP | ||
t-octylphenol | t-OP | ||
n-octylphenol | n-OP | ||
Nonylphenol | NP | ||
Bisphenol-A | |||
Benzophenone-3 | |||
Triclosan | EPA method 1694 | ||
2,4-dichlorophenol | EPA method 8250 | ||
2,5-dichlorophenol | |||
2,4,6-trichlorophenol | |||
2,4,5-trichlorophenol | |||
Organic chloride pesticides (OCPs) | EPA method 8081B | ||
Hexachlorobenzene | |||
Heptachlor | |||
Aldrin | |||
Oxychlorodane | |||
Heptachlor epoxide | |||
cis-chlordane | |||
o,p’-DDE | |||
trans-chlordane | |||
trans-nonachlor | |||
p,p’-DDE | |||
Dieldrin | |||
o,p’-DDD | |||
Endrin | |||
p,p’-DDD | |||
o,p’-DDT | |||
cis-nonachlor | |||
p,p’-DDT | |||
Mirex | |||
Phthalates | EPA method 8061A | ||
Mono-methyl phthalate (4376-18-5) | MMP | ||
Mono-ethyl phthalate (2306-33-4) | MEP | ||
Mono-n-butyl phthalate (131-70-4) | MnBP | ||
Mono-isobutyl phthalate | MiBP | ||
Mono-benzyl phthalate (2528-16-7) | MBzP | ||
Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (7517-36-4) | MCHP | ||
Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (4376-20-9) | MEHP | ||
Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate | MEOHP | ||
Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate | MEHHP | ||
Mono-(2-carboxy-methyl) hexyl phthalate | 2cx-MMHP | ||
Mono-(5-carboxy-2-ethyl) pentyl phthalate | 5cx-MEPP | ||
Mono-n-octyl phthalate (5393-19-1) | MnOP | ||
Mono-n-pentyl phthalate | MnPP | ||
Mono-isodecyl phthalate | MiDP | ||
Mono-isononyl phthalate | MiNP |
Categories | Code of Questionnaire | Contents | Hazardous Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outside the residential environment | Q1 | Type of residential area | Perfluorinated compounds | [24] |
Q2 | Housing type | |||
Q3 | The contaminated facilities around residents | |||
Q4 | Vehicles and fuel type | |||
Indoor | Q5 | Interior | Perfluorinated compounds Acrylamides | [24,25,26] |
Q6 | Detergent | Perfluorinated compounds | [27,28] | |
Q7 | Wax and spray | Perfluorinated compounds Organochlorine | [24,29] | |
Disease and medication | Q8 | Medical history | ||
Q9 | Medicines | |||
Q10 | Health food | |||
Lifestyles | Q11 | Drinking | ||
Q12 | Smoking | |||
Q13 | Exercise | |||
Q14 | Usual activity | |||
Q15 | Gore tex use | Perfluorinated compounds | [30] | |
Q16 | Anti-wrinkle clothes use | |||
Q17 | Makeup supplies use | Perfluorinated compounds Acrylamides | [13,24] | |
Q18 | The number of meals per day | |||
Q19 | Dining area (home or others) | |||
Q20 | Beverage intake | Organochlorine | [29,31] | |
Q21 | Food containers | Phenols | [26] | |
Q22 | Fast foods intake | Acrylamides Phenols | [26,30,32] | |
Q23 | Cooking methods of meat and fish | Heterocyclic amines Perfluorinated compounds | [13,33] | |
Q24 | Raw potato storage temperature | Acrylamides | [13] | |
Q25 | Storage containers for side dish in refrigerator | Phenols | [26] | |
Q26 | Food packaging wrap | Phenols | [26] | |
Q27 | Using wrap in a microwave oven | Phenols | [26] | |
Q28 | Use paper cups | Acrylamides | [34] | |
Q29 | Use teflon status | Perfluorinated compounds | [24,30] | |
Q30 | Residue pesticides | Organochlorine | [29] | |
Record the day | Q31 | Meal time just before research interview | ||
Q32 | Grilled meat and fish intake last 3 days | Heterocyclic amines Perfluorinated compounds | [13,33] | |
Q33 | Eat seafood last 3 days | |||
General information | Q34 | Height | ||
Q35 | Weight | |||
Q36 | Education | |||
Q37 | Marital status | |||
Q38 | Monthly average income | |||
Q39 | Occupations 1 | Perfluorinated compounds Acrylamides | [24,30,34,35,36] | |
Q40 | Occupations 2 | Phenols Organochlorine | [29,37] |
Media | Hazardouscompounds | Chemicals | Abbreviation | Total | Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | GM | GSE | N | GM | GSE | N | GM | GSE | ||||
Urine | Acrylamides | Acrylamide | 1873 | 6.770 | 0.240 | 805 | 8.140 | 0.410 | 1068 | 5.630 | 0.250 | |
(unit: ug/g creatinine) | Glycidamide | 1873 | 6.620 | 0.080 | 805 | 6.520 | 0.170 | 1068 | 6.720 | 0.180 | ||
N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)cystein | AAMA | 1873 | 29.880 | 0.930 | 805 | 41.530 | 1.550 | 1068 | 21.450 | 0.940 | ||
Heterocyclic amines | 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline | IQ | 1874 | 0.110 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.110 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.110 | 0.000 | |
2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole | Glu-P-1 | 1874 | 0.125 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.125 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.125 | 0.000 | ||
2-amino-dipyrodo[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole | Glu-P-2 | 1874 | 0.140 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.140 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.140 | 0.000 | ||
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline | MeIQx | 1874 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.145 | 0.000 | ||
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline | MeIQ | 1874 | 0.146 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.146 | 0.001 | ||
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine | PhIP | 1874 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.130 | 0.000 | ||
2-amino-9H-pyrodo[2,3-b]indole | AαC | 1874 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.060 | 0.000 | ||
2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrodo[2,3-b]indole) | MeAαC | 1874 | 0.115 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.115 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.115 | 0.000 | ||
Perfluorecarbons | Perflouropentanoicacids, | PFPA | 1874 | 0.096 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.096 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.095 | 0.001 | |
Perflourohexanoicacids, | PFHxA | 1874 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.055 | 0.000 | ||
Perflouroheptanoic acids, | PFHpA | 1874 | 0.075 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.075 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.075 | 0.000 | ||
Perfluorooctanoic acids, | PFOA | 1874 | 2.825 | 0.082 | 805 | 3.451 | 0.140 | 1069 | 2.309 | 0.088 | ||
Perfluorononanoic acids, | PFNA | 1874 | 0.900 | 0.057 | 805 | 1.252 | 0.125 | 1069 | 0.645 | 0.063 | ||
Perflourodecanoic acids, | PFDA | 1874 | 2.159 | 0.046 | 805 | 2.252 | 0.075 | 1069 | 2.068 | 0.049 | ||
Perflourohexanesulfonic acids, | PFHxS | 1874 | 0.432 | 0.034 | 805 | 0.998 | 0.107 | 1069 | 0.186 | 0.016 | ||
Perflouroheptanesulfonic acid, | PFHpS | 1874 | 0.047 | 0.002 | 805 | 0.059 | 0.004 | 1069 | 0.038 | 0.002 | ||
Perflourooctanesulfonic acids, | PFOS | 1874 | 10.220 | 0.170 | 805 | 11.620 | 0.280 | 1069 | 8.990 | 0.190 | ||
Perflourononanesulfonic acids) | PFNS | 1874 | 1.005 | 0.058 | 805 | 1.017 | 0.085 | 1069 | 0.993 | 0.071 | ||
Phenols | t-butylphenol | t-BP | 1874 | 0.693 | 0.031 | 805 | 0.703 | 0.039 | 1069 | 0.682 | 0.035 | |
n-butylphenol | n-BP | 1874 | 0.111 | 0.009 | 805 | 0.122 | 0.013 | 1069 | 0.101 | 0.009 | ||
n-pentylphenol | n-PP | 1874 | 0.284 | 0.019 | 805 | 0.290 | 0.025 | 1069 | 0.277 | 0.021 | ||
n-hexylphenol | n-HX | 1874 | 0.558 | 0.035 | 805 | 0.498 | 0.042 | 1069 | 0.625 | 0.044 | ||
n-heptylphenol | n-HP | 1874 | 0.632 | 0.042 | 805 | 0.667 | 0.058 | 1069 | 0.598 | 0.058 | ||
t-octylphenol | t-OP | 1874 | 0.582 | 0.029 | 805 | 0.553 | 0.037 | 1069 | 0.613 | 0.038 | ||
n-octylphenol | n-OP | 1874 | 5.770 | 0.220 | 805 | 5.920 | 0.340 | 1069 | 5.630 | 0.320 | ||
Nonylphenol | NP | 1874 | 3.650 | 0.330 | 805 | 3.610 | 0.440 | 1069 | 3.680 | 0.390 | ||
Bisphenol-A | 1874 | 1.880 | 0.074 | 805 | 1.888 | 0.102 | 1069 | 1.871 | 0.076 | |||
Benzophenone-3 | 1874 | 4.060 | 0.330 | 805 | 4.460 | 0.450 | 1069 | 3.690 | 0.390 | |||
Triclosan | 1874 | 1.650 | 0.110 | 805 | 1.610 | 0.170 | 1069 | 1.690 | 0.140 | |||
2,4,-dichlorophenol | 1874 | 0.139 | 0.009 | 805 | 0.134 | 0.012 | 1069 | 0.145 | 0.011 | |||
2,5-dichlorophenol | 1874 | 0.418 | 0.024 | 805 | 0.420 | 0.034 | 1069 | 0.416 | 0.025 | |||
2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 1874 | 0.369 | 0.026 | 805 | 0.389 | 0.036 | 1069 | 0.349 | 0.027 | |||
2,4,5-trichlorophenol | 1874 | 0.081 | 0.003 | 805 | 0.080 | 0.004 | 1069 | 0.082 | 0.004 | |||
Organic chloride pesticides (OCPs) | Hexachlorobenzene | 1874 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.008 | 0.001 | ||
Heptachlor | 1874 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.012 | 0.000 | |||
Aldrin | 1874 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.050 | 0.000 | |||
Oxychlorodane | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
Heptachlor epoxide | 1874 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.010 | 0.000 | |||
cis-chlordane | 1874 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.010 | 0.000 | |||
o,p’-DDE | 1874 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.010 | 0.000 | |||
trans-chlordane | 1874 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.050 | 0.000 | |||
trans-nonachlor | 1874 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.012 | 0.000 | |||
p,p’-DDE | 1874 | 0.041 | 0.003 | 805 | 0.043 | 0.004 | 1069 | 0.038 | 0.003 | |||
Dieldrin | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
o,p’-DDD | 1874 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.011 | 0.000 | |||
Endrin | 1874 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.025 | 0.000 | |||
p,p’-DDD | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
o,p’-DDT | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
cis-nonachlor | 1874 | 0.053 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.055 | 0.002 | 1069 | 0.052 | 0.001 | |||
p,p’-DDT | 1874 | 0.052 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.052 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.052 | 0.001 | |||
Mirex | 1874 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.050 | 0.000 | |||
Phthalates | Mono-methyl phthalate (4376-18-5) | MMP | 1874 | - | - | 805 | - | - | 1069 | - | - | |
Mono-ethyl phthalate (2306-33-4) | MEP | 1874 | - | - | 805 | - | - | 1069 | - | - | ||
Mono-n-butyl phthalate (131-70-4) | MnBP | 1874 | 41.740 | 1.070 | 805 | 38.700 | 1.230 | 1069 | 45.030 | 1.320 | ||
Mono-isobutyl phthalate | MiBP | 1874 | 16.970 | 0.490 | 805 | 16.000 | 0.590 | 1069 | 18.010 | 0.610 | ||
Mono-benzyl phthalate (2528-16-7) | MBzP | 1874 | 15.730 | 0.710 | 805 | 14.010 | 0.600 | 1069 | 17.670 | 1.090 | ||
Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (7517-36-4) | MCHP | 1874 | 0.188 | 0.003 | 805 | 0.185 | 0.004 | 1069 | 0.192 | 0.004 | ||
Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (4376-20-9) | MEHP | 1874 | 8.680 | 0.280 | 805 | 8.060 | 0.330 | 1069 | 9.350 | 0.370 | ||
Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate | MEOHP | 1874 | 17.510 | 0.370 | 805 | 15.440 | 0.390 | 1069 | 19.880 | 0.500 | ||
Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate | MEHHP | 1874 | 38.130 | 0.990 | 805 | 35.160 | 1.210 | 1069 | 41.370 | 1.080 | ||
Mono-(2-carboxymethyl)hexyl phthalate | 2cx-MMHP | 1874 | - | - | 805 | - | - | 1069 | - | - | ||
Mono-(5-carboxy-2-ethyl)pentyl phthalate | 5cx-MEPP | 1874 | - | - | 805 | - | - | 1069 | - | - | ||
Mono-n-octyl phthalate (5393-19-1) | MnOP | 1874 | 0.057 | 0.002 | 805 | 0.058 | 0.002 | 1069 | 0.057 | 0.002 | ||
Mono-n-pentyl phthalate | MnPP | 1874 | - | - | 805 | - | - | 1069 | - | - | ||
Mono-isodecyl phthalate | MiDP | 1874 | 0.068 | 0.002 | 805 | 0.069 | 0.003 | 1069 | 0.067 | 0.002 | ||
Mono-isononyl phthalate | MiNP | 1874 | 0.070 | 0.002 | 805 | 0.069 | 0.003 | 1069 | 0.071 | 0.002 | ||
Serum | Perfluorecarbons | Perflouropentanoic acids, | PFPA | 1874 | 0.096 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.180 | 0.085 | 1069 | 0.096 | 0.000 |
(unit: ng/mL) | Perflourohexanoic acids, | PFHxA | 1874 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.055 | 0.000 | |
Perflouroheptanoic acids, | PFHpA | 1874 | 0.075 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.075 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.075 | 0.000 | ||
Perfluorooctanoic acids, | PFOA | 1874 | 2.825 | 0.082 | 805 | 3.451 | 0.140 | 1069 | 2.309 | 0.088 | ||
Perfluorononanoic acids, | PFNA | 1874 | 0.900 | 0.057 | 805 | 1.252 | 0.125 | 1069 | 0.645 | 0.063 | ||
Perflourodecanoic acids, | PFDA | 1874 | 2.159 | 0.046 | 805 | 2.252 | 0.075 | 1069 | 2.068 | 0.049 | ||
Perflourohexanesulfonic acids, | PFHxS | 1874 | 0.432 | 0.034 | 805 | 0.998 | 0.107 | 1069 | 0.186 | 0.016 | ||
Perflouroheptanesulfonic acid, | PFHpS | 1874 | 0.047 | 0.002 | 805 | 0.059 | 0.004 | 1069 | 0.038 | 0.002 | ||
Perflourooctanesulfonic acids, | PFOS | 1874 | 10.220 | 0.170 | 805 | 11.620 | 0.280 | 1069 | 8.990 | 0.190 | ||
Perflourononanesulfonic acids | PFNS | 1874 | 1.005 | 0.058 | 805 | 1.017 | 0.085 | 1069 | 0.993 | 0.071 | ||
Organic chloride pesticides (OCPs) | Hexachlorobenzene | 1874 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.008 | 0.001 | ||
Heptachlor | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
Aldrin | 1874 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.050 | 0.000 | |||
Oxychlorodane | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
Heptachlor epoxide | 1874 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.010 | 0.000 | |||
cis-chlordane | 1874 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.010 | 0.000 | |||
o,p’-DDE | 1874 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.010 | 0.000 | |||
trans-chlordane | 1874 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.050 | 0.000 | |||
trans-nonachlor | 1874 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.012 | 0.000 | |||
p,p’-DDE | 1874 | 0.041 | 0.003 | 805 | 0.043 | 0.004 | 1069 | 0.038 | 0.003 | |||
Dieldrin | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
o,p’-DDD | 1874 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.011 | 0.000 | |||
Endrin | 1874 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.025 | 0.000 | |||
p,p’-DDD | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
o,p’-DDT | 1874 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |||
cis-nonachlor | 1874 | 0.053 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.055 | 0.002 | 1069 | 0.052 | 0.001 | |||
p,p’-DDT | 1874 | 0.052 | 0.001 | 805 | 0.052 | 0.001 | 1069 | 0.052 | 0.001 | |||
Mirex | 1874 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 805 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1069 | 0.050 | 0.000 |
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Lee, S.; Ahn, R.M.; Kim, J.H.; Han, Y.-D.; Lee, J.H.; Son, B.-S.; Lee, K. Study Design, Rationale and Procedures for Human Biomonitoring of Hazardous Chemicals from Foods and Cooking in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142583
Lee S, Ahn RM, Kim JH, Han Y-D, Lee JH, Son B-S, Lee K. Study Design, Rationale and Procedures for Human Biomonitoring of Hazardous Chemicals from Foods and Cooking in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142583
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seokwon, Ryoung Me Ahn, Jae Hyoun Kim, Yoon-Deok Han, Jin Heon Lee, Bu-Soon Son, and Kyoungho Lee. 2019. "Study Design, Rationale and Procedures for Human Biomonitoring of Hazardous Chemicals from Foods and Cooking in Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142583