New Policy and Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Classification in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Policy and Measures
2.1. New Policy
2.2. Measures
3. Discussion and Recommendations
4. Concluding Remarks
- In recent years, China has changed its development strategy from one based on rapid development to another focusing on environmental protection, and MSW classification is thus reiterated. Shanghai launched China’s first MSW classification policy to adhere to the new national development strategy.
- Shanghai classifies MSW into four categories: recyclable, hazardous, wet, and dry waste. Various forms of publicity and school education on MSW classification are performed to increase the people’s willingness and public knowledge of MSW classification. Volunteer, incentive, and punitive mechanisms are also adopted to ensure the effective implementation of the new policy.
- To build a well-developed MSW classification system in Shanghai and the whole of China will require a long period of time. Four suggestions for future development of the MSW classification system in Shanghai and the whole China are presented. First, the leading role of government is encouraged in the initial stage, and good coordination among different departments should be highlighted. Second, WCFS and private capital and enterprises should be involved to promote a sustainable and marketized MSW-relevant industry in the future. Third, laws and regulations should be further refined and optimized, and rigorous and continuous enforcement of the laws and regulations is strongly needed. Fourth, further publicity and school education on MSW classification are also necessary to make MSW classification a habit and a moral principle among citizens.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Li, X.; Zhang, C.; Li, Y.; Zhi, Q. The Status of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) in China and its Clean Development. Energy Procedia 2016, 104, 498–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, S.J.; Dong, H.; Yong, G.; Brander, M. An overview of China’s recyclable waste recycling and recommendations for integrated solutions. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 134, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yukalang, N.; Clarke, B.; Ross, K. Solid Waste Management Solutions for a Rapidly Urbanizing Area in Thailand: Recommendations Based on Stakeholder Input. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress (SMPC). Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste Management Regulation. 2019. Available online: http://www.spcsc.sh.cn/n1939/n1944/n1946/n2029/u1ai185433.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE). Annual Report on Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control of Solid Waste in Large and Medium Cities in 2018. 2018. Available online: http://gts.mee.gov.cn/gtfwgl/gtfwjkglgg/201901/P020190102329655586300.pdf (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Zhang, B.; Lai, K.H.; Wang, B.; Wang, Z.H. From intention to action: How do personal attitudes, facilities accessibility, and government stimulus matter for household waste sorting? J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 233, 447–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poulsen, O.M.; Breum, N.O.; Ebbehøj, N.; Hansen, A.M.; Ivens, U.I.; van Lelieveld, D.; Malmros, P.; Matthiasen, L.; Nielsen, B.H.; Nielsen, E.M.; et al. Sorting and recycling of domestic waste. Review of occupational health problems and their possible causes. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 168, 33–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, B.; Zhu, W.; Wang, H.; Zhang, R.; Liu, M.; Chen, Y.; Wu, Y.; Yang, X.; He, S.; Cheng, R.; et al. Household hazardous waste quantification, characterization and management in China’s cities: A case study of Suzhou. Waste Manag. 2014, 34, 2414–2423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thakur, P.; Ganguly, R.; Dhulia, A. Occupational Health Hazard Exposure among municipal solid waste workers in Himachal Pradesh, India. Waste Manag. 2018, 78, 483–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skumatz, L.A. Pay as you throw in the US: Implementation, impacts, and experience. Waste Manag. 2008, 28, 2778–2785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vassanadumrongdee, S.; Kittipongvises, S. Factors influencing source separation intention and willingness to pay for improving waste management in Bangkok, Thailand. Sustain. Environ. Res. 2018, 28, 90–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, J.F.; Zhang, Z.Q. Approach on classified collection system of domestic garbage in Shanghai. Shanghai Environ. Sci. 2001, 20, 98–104. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Tai, J.; Zhang, W.; Che, Y.; Feng, D. Municipal solid waste source-separated collection in China: A comparative analysis. Waste Manag. 2011, 31, 1673–1682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, Y.C. Current Status of MSW Source Separated Collection in China. Environ. Sanitat. Eng. 2016, 24, 1–4. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, H.; Wen, Z.G.; Chen, Y.X. Environment and economic feasibility of municipal solid waste central sorting strategy: a case study in Beijing. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2016, 10, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The State Council of the People’s Republic of China (SCPRC). Report on the Work of the Government. 2017. Available online: http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2017/03/16/content_281475597911192.htm (accessed on 23 August 2019).
- National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MHUD). Implementation Scheme of Domestic Waste Sorting. 2017. Available online: http://hzs.ndrc.gov.cn/newhjbh/201703/t20170331_843063.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development of China (MHUD). Shanghai will Establish a Preliminary Garbage Sorting System in 2019. 2018. Available online: http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/dfxx/201812/t20181211_238806.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE). Annual Report on Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control of Solid Waste in Large and Medium Cities in 2017. 2017. Available online: http://trhj.mee.gov.cn/gtfwhjgl/zhgl/201712/P020171214496030805251.pdf (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Shanghai Municipal People’s Government (SMPG). Press Conference of Shanghai Municipal People’s Government on the Action Plan for the Construction of Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste Classification System (2018–2020). 2018. Available online: http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2319/nw12344/u26aw56524.html?date=2018-07-30 (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Shi, C.Y. A study on household waste governance in metropolitan community: A case study of meilong sancun community. J. East China Univ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 33, 68–92. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Fan, B.; Yang, W.; Shen, X. A comparison study of ‘motivation–intention–behavior’ model on household solid waste sorting in China and Singapore. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 211, 442–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanghai Municipal People’s Government (SMPG). 1.4 Million Elementary and Middle School Students of Shanghai Started Their New Semester, Knowledge about MSW Classification and Life Safety Were Newly Incorporated into the Class. 2019. Available online: http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw4411/u21aw1362856.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Lu, H.M.; Sidortsov, R. Sorting out a problem: A co-production approach to household waste management in Shanghai, China. Waste Manag. 2019, 95, 271–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanghai Municipal People’s Government (SMPG). Suggestions on Implementing the Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste Management Regulation and Promoting the Establishment of the Municipal Solid Waste Classification System in Shanghai. 2019. Available online: http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2319/nw12344/u26aw58275.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- People’s Daily Online. A Promoting Activity on Municipal Solid Waste Classification Was Performed in Shanghai Global Financial Center. 2019. Available online: http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0701/c1002-31204805.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese).
- Kankanews. A Variety of Knowledge on Municipal Solid Waste Classification Has Heen Introduced into Class. 2019. Available online: http://www.kankanews.com/a/2019-02-22/0038762007.shtml (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese).
- Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress. Investigation on the Progress of Municipal Solid Waste Classification in Shanghai. 2019. Available online: http://www.spcsc.sh.cn/n1939/n1944/n1945/n2298/u1ai193821.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Wu, J.Z.; Zhou, X.J.; Yan, X.F.; Wang, F.; Bai, X.Q.; Li, Y.P.; Wang, Y.H.; Zhou, J.Z. Effects and improvement suggestions of green account system for waste classification and reduction in Shanghai. J. Shanghai Univ. 2016, 22, 197–202. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- People’s Daily Online. Shanghai Plans to Build a Municipal Solid Waste Classification System Similar to That in Japan in Three Years. 2018. Available online: http://society.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0805/c1008-30209286.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese).
- Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress. The Government of Minghang District Carried out an Inspection on the First Day of Implementing the Municipal Solid Waste Classification Policy. 2019. Available online: http://www.spcsc.sh.cn/n1939/n1944/n1945/n2298/u1ai193748.html (accessed on 23 August 2019). (In Chinese)
- Alzate-Arias, S.; Jaramillo-Duque, Á.; Villada, F.; Restrepo-Cuestas, B. Assessment of government incentives for energy from waste in Colombia. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lombrano, A. Cost efficiency in the management of solid urban waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2009, 53, 601–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyu, H.M.; Wang, G.F.; Cheng, W.C.; Shen, S.L. Tornado hazards on June 23rd in Jiangsu Province, China: Preliminary investigation and analysis. Nat. Hazards 2017, 85, 597–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyu, H.M.; Shen, S.L.; Zhou, A.N.; Yang, J. Perspectives for flood risk assessment and management for mega-city metro system. Tunn. Undergr. Spac. Technol. 2019, 84, 31–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyu, H.M.; Shen, S.L.; Zhou, A.N.; Zhou, W.H. Flood risk assessment of metro systems in a subsiding environment using the interval FAHP-FCA approach. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2019, 50, 101682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyu, H.M.; Sun, W.J.; Shen, S.L.; Zhou, A.N. Risk assessment using a new consulting process in fuzzy AHP. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 2019, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lamoureux, S.M.; Movassaghi, H.; Kasiri, N. The role of government support in SMEs’ adoption of sustainability. IEEE Eng. Manag. Rev. 2019, 47, 110–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, L.T.; Hsiao, T.Y.; Shang, N.C.; Yu, Y.H.; Ma, H.W. MSW management for waste minimization in Taiwan: The last two decades. Waste Manag. 2006, 26, 661–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, S.A.; Ali, S.M. People as partners: Facilitating people’s participation in public-private partnerships for solid waste management. Habitat Int. 2006, 30, 781–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suttibak, S.; Nitivattananon, V. Assessment of factors influencing the performance of solid waste recycling programs. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2008, 53, 45–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, D.Y.; Lin, Z.Y.; Gordon, M.P.R.; Robinson, N.K.L.; Harder, M.K. Perceived key elements of a successful residential food waste sorting program in urban apartments: Stakeholder views. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 134, 362–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Therivel, R. Systems of Strategic Environmental Assessment. Environ. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 1993, 13, 145–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Classification | Description |
---|---|
Strengths | 1. Sufficient infrastructure and technology. |
2. Strong willingness of the government. | |
Weaknesses | 1. Private capital has not been generally introduced. |
2. Laws and regulations need to be further improved. | |
3. Poor coordination among different departments of the government. | |
Opportunities | 1. Willingness of citizens is increasing. |
Threats | 1. People’s insufficient knowledge of MSW classifications. |
2. Habit has not yet been formed. | |
Recommendations | 1. A leading role and good coordination among different departments of the government are needed. |
2. A marketized industry should be established. | |
3. Laws and regulations should be further improved. | |
4. More publicity and education are necessary. |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhou, M.-H.; Shen, S.-L.; Xu, Y.-S.; Zhou, A.-N. New Policy and Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Classification in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173099
Zhou M-H, Shen S-L, Xu Y-S, Zhou A-N. New Policy and Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Classification in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173099
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Ming-Hui, Shui-Long Shen, Ye-Shuang Xu, and An-Nan Zhou. 2019. "New Policy and Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Classification in Shanghai, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173099