Secondary Traumatization, Psychological Stress, and Resilience in Psychosocial Emergency Care Personnel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Secondary and Primary Traumatization
3.2. Psychological Comorbidity
3.3. Factors of Resilience
3.4. Correlations with Secondary or Primary Traumatization
3.5. Predictors of Traumatic Stress
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Data | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 22 | 29.3% | |
Female | 52 | 69.3% | |
Missings | 1 | 1.3% | |
Age | M = 51.01 | SD = 13.34 | |
Mother tongue | |||
German | 71 | 94.6% | |
German/Italian | 2 | 2.7% | |
English | 1 | 1.3% | |
Graduation | |||
A level | 24 | 32.0% | |
Junior high | 35 | 46.7% | |
Other | 16 | 21.4% | |
Employment | |||
Full-time | 39 | 52.0% | |
Part-time | 17 | 22.7% | |
Not | 15 | 20.0% | |
Missings | 4 | 5.3% | |
Family status | |||
Married | 48 | 64.0% | |
Partnership | 11 | 14.7% | |
No partnership | 9 | 12% | |
Other | 7 | 9.4% | |
Psychosocial emergency care | |||
Period of volunteering (years) | M = 7.64 | SD = 5.54 | |
No. of emergency responses | M = 62.74 | Range: 0–500 | |
Supervision | |||
External supervision | Yes: 50 (66.7%) | Frequency: 0.5–6/year | |
Case discussions | Yes: 66 (88.0%) | Frequency: 3–60/year | |
Supervision by supervisor | Yes: 9 (12%) | Frequency: As required | |
Debriefings | Yes: 60 (80.0%) | Frequency: As required | |
Adequate amount of supervision | Yes: 66 (90.4%) | No: 7 (9.6%) | |
Feeling integrated in the group | Yes: 68 (93.20%) | No: 5 (6.70%) | Missings: 2 (2.7%) |
Psychosocial Emergency Care | Norm/Comparative Sample | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traumatization | N | M | SD | M | SD | t | p | df | Cohen’s d |
FST | 68 | 42.68 | 10.52 | 52.50 a | 15.60 | −4.21 | <0.001 | 109 | −0.74 |
58.00 b | 18.60 | −4.21 | <0.001 | 172 | −1.01 | ||||
52.94 c | 16.92 | −4.57 | <0.001 | 141 | −0.73 | ||||
PDS | 62 | 2.69 | 3.22 | ||||||
Psychological comorbidity | |||||||||
PHQ-9 | 75 | 3.31 | 2.32 | 3.60 d | 4.08 | 1.02 | 0.312 | 91 | |
GAD-7 | 75 | 2.49 | 1.93 | 2.95 e | 3.41 | −2.00 | 0.049 | 80 | −0.17 |
Quality of life | |||||||||
PCS | 67 | 49.23 | 9.00 | 50.00 f | 10.00 | 0.70 | 0.487 | 66 | |
MCS | 67 | 52.16 | 8.18 | 50.00 f | 10.00 | 2.16 | 0.035 | 66 | 0.24 |
Psychosocial Emergency Care | Norm Sample | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | M | SD | M | SD | t | p | df | Cohen’s d | |
ECR-RD: Attachment anxiety | 70 | 2.00 | 0.76 | 2.77 a | 1.09 | −7.84 | *** | 98 | −0.81 |
ECR-RD: Attachment avoidance | 70 | 2.03 | 0.81 | 2.36 a | 1.00 | −3.21 | ** | 76 | −0.36 |
RQ-2self | 74 | 5.08 | 2.93 | ||||||
RQ-2-other | 74 | 1.95 | 3.33 | ||||||
OPD-SQS | 74 | 11.52 | 6.07 | 15.41b | 7.71 | −5.11 | *** | 98 | −0.56 |
SOC−29 | 75 | 155.95 | 18.86 | 143.66 c | 24.33 | 5.47 | *** | 83 | 0.56 |
F-SozU | 75 | 4.69 | 0.35 | 3.97 d | 0.68 | 16.83 | 0 | ||
MAAS | 71 | 4.54 | 0.70 | 3.97 e | 0.70 | 5.74 | *** | 133 | 0.81 |
QST | PDS | ECR-RD: Attachment Anxiety | ECR-RD: Attachment Avoidance | OPD-SQS | SOC−29 | F-SozU | MAAS | External Supervision | Case Discussions | Age | Period of Volunteering (years) | No. of Emergency Responses | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QST | - | 0.33 * | 0.20 | 0.32 ** | 0.25 * | −0.27 * | −0.40 ** | −0.17 | −0.22 | −0.29 * | 0.30 * | 0.25 * | 0.18 |
PDS | - | 0.27 * | 0.12 | 0.31 * | −0.16 | −0.18 | −0.34 ** | −0.13 | −0.16 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.09 |
Variable | B | SE B | β | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 90.372 | 20.237 | - | |
Age | −0.021 | 0.098 | −0.027 | |
Gender | 5.857 | 2.555 | 0.258 | * |
Period of volunteering (years) | 0.147 | 0.237 | 0.076 | |
Case discussions | −0.520 | 0.162 | −0.374 | * |
ECR—Attachment avoidance | 2.784 | 1.624 | 0.210 | |
F-SozU | −12.339 | 3.559 | −0.448 | ** |
R2 | 0.469 | |||
F(6,47) = 6.928, p < 0.001 |
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Greinacher, A.; Nikendei, A.; Kottke, R.; Wiesbeck, J.; Herzog, W.; Nikendei, C. Secondary Traumatization, Psychological Stress, and Resilience in Psychosocial Emergency Care Personnel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173213
Greinacher A, Nikendei A, Kottke R, Wiesbeck J, Herzog W, Nikendei C. Secondary Traumatization, Psychological Stress, and Resilience in Psychosocial Emergency Care Personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173213
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreinacher, Anja, Alexander Nikendei, Renate Kottke, Jürgen Wiesbeck, Wolfgang Herzog, and Christoph Nikendei. 2019. "Secondary Traumatization, Psychological Stress, and Resilience in Psychosocial Emergency Care Personnel" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173213