Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tire Granules
2.2. Formulated Sediment
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Experimental Flow and Procedure
2.5. Data and the PARAFAC Model
2.6. Rubber Material Identification
2.7. Quantity Estimation
3. Results
3.1. Sample Weight Loss in Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA)
3.2. Landscape Surfaces of FTIR Data
3.3. The PARAFAC Model and Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Decomposition of Overlying Components
4.2. Identification of Components
4.3. Estimation of Quantity of Components
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RM | RM Quantity (mg) | Sample Type | Sample Mass (mg) | Number of Replicates | Identification Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RM1 | 0.29 | TGIS | 50 | 3 | 1, 2, 3 |
TGO | 0.5 | 2 | 1, 2 | ||
RM2 | 0.58 | TGIS | 50 | 3 | 4, 5, 6 |
TGO | 1 | 2 | 3, 4 | ||
RM3 | 1.45 | TGIS | 50 | 3 | 7, 8, 9 |
TGO | 2.5 | 2 | 5, 6 | ||
RM4 | 2.90 | TGIS | 50 | 3 | 10, 11, 12 |
TGO | 5 | 2 | 7, 8 |
Polymer | Functional Group | Wavenumber cm−1 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
NR, SBR, EPDM | Methyl | 2964 | Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [18] |
NR | Methylene | 2950, 2853 | Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [18] |
NR, SBR, EPDM | OH | 3470 | Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [18] |
EPDM | 1076 | V. M. LiPtvinow and P. P. De, [11] | |
SBR | Polystyrene | 750, 700 | Fernández-Berridi et al. and Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [14,18] |
EPDM | Propylene | 1461, 1376 | Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, (2007) [18] |
SBR | Vinyl | 990, 910 | Fernández-Berridi et al. and Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [14,18] |
SBR | Butadiene | 960 | Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [18] |
NR, EPDM | Ethylene | 722, 815 | Fernández-Berridi et al. [14] |
EPDM, (NR) | Alkyl | 2929, 2856 | Fernández-Berridi et al. and Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [14,18] |
NBR | Alkyl | 2230 | Gunasekaran, Natarajan, and Kala, [18] |
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Mengistu, D.; Nilsen, V.; Heistad, A.; Kvaal, K. Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183444
Mengistu D, Nilsen V, Heistad A, Kvaal K. Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183444
Chicago/Turabian StyleMengistu, Demmelash, Vegard Nilsen, Arve Heistad, and Knut Kvaal. 2019. "Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183444