Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Phosphorus from Sediments in the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Experimental Plan
2.3. Test Methods
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Particle Size and Phosphorus Occurrence Characteristics
3.2. Migration and Release of Phosphorus
3.3. Particle Size Change
3.4. Particle Composition Change
4. Discussion
4.1. Influencing Mechanism of the Freeze-Thaw Cycle
4.2. Comparisons between the Yarlung Zangbo River and Other Regions
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The sediments in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River can be divided into fine, medium-sized and coarse particles. The total phosphorus contents in the medium-sized particles were the highest among the different particle sizes, accounting for 52.47% of the total mineral content.
- (2)
- Freeze-thaw cycles cause breakage of sediment particles, which increases the specific surface area and deteriorates the organic matter at the same time. The released ions compete for the adsorption sites on the surface of the sediment particles to promote the release of phosphorus, and the release increases by 12%, which mainly promotes the release of Al-P and Fe-P.
- (3)
- The freeze-thaw process affects the phosphorus adsorption capacity of sediments, and the overall magnitude of the influence is related to the characteristics of the sediment particles and the freeze-thaw cycle. The sediments in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River are immature sandy soils, and freeze-thaw cycles decrease the phosphorus adsorption capacity of such sediments.
- (4)
- The Al-P and Fe-P contents account for only 2.41% of the total sediment phosphorus content, and freeze-thaw cycles promote the release of these two forms of phosphorus in sediments with a limited overall impact but may accelerate the loss of bioavailable phosphorus in sediments, which needs to be investigated further.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Site | Particle Size (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Φ < 0.063 | 0.063 < Φ < 2.0 | 2.0 < Φ | |
S1 | 14.27 | 53.45 | 32.28 |
S2 | 16.24 | 52.69 | 31.07 |
S3 | 13.01 | 51.26 | 35.73 |
Average | 14.51 | 52.47 | 33.03 |
Area | Single-Point Surface Area | BET Surface Area | Langmuir Surface Area |
Original (m2·g−1) | 1.3296 | 1.3673 | 3.8519 |
Freeze-thaw (m2·g−1) | 2.5593 | 2.623 | 8.3803 |
Range (%) | 92 | 92 | 118 |
Control (m2·g−1) | 1.5737 | 1.6818 | 4.5745 |
Range (%) | 18 | 23 | 19 |
Area | T-plot micropore area | T-plot external surface area | |
Original (m2·g−1) | 0.5164 | 0.8508 | |
Freeze-thaw (m2·g−1) | 0.6028 | 2.0202 | |
Range (%) | 17 | 137 | |
Control (m2·g−1) | 0.0074 | 0.9251 | |
Range (%) | −99 | 9 |
Phosphorus | SP | Al-P | Fe-P | Ca-P | Oc-P | OP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.62 * | 0.19 | −0.37 | −0.17 |
Freeze-thaw | 0.76 * | 0.64 * | 0.94 ** | 0.19 | −0.18 | −0.13 |
Similar Studies | Yarlung Zangbo River | Keerqin Sandy Land [37] | Northeastern China [38] |
Research soil | nonporous sediment | sandy soil | Brown forest soil |
Experimental treatments | −14 °C (9 h)~12 °C (15 h), 10 cycles | freezing at −12 °C for 10 days | −10 °C~7 °C, each cycle lasts 12 h, 6 cycles |
Adsorption change | reduced | reduced | reduced |
Similar studies | Turkishhighland [39] | Finland [19] | |
Research soil | marn, lacustrine residual sediment, etc. | cultivated mineral soils | |
Experimental treatments | freezing at −10 °C for 30 days, thawing at 2.5 °C, 3 cycles, etc. | freezing at −18 °C for 21 months, thawing at 5 °C for 1 weeks | |
Adsorption change | enhanced | unchanged |
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Liao, N.; Jiang, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Z. Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Phosphorus from Sediments in the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193783
Liao N, Jiang L, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Phosphorus from Sediments in the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193783
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Ning, Lai Jiang, Jia Li, Linglei Zhang, Jing Zhang, and Zeyu Zhang. 2019. "Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Phosphorus from Sediments in the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193783