A Cross-Sectional Study of Endogenous Antioxidants and Patterns of Dental Visits of Periodontitis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Petersen, P.E.; Ogawa, H. The global burden of periodontal disease: Towards integration with chronic disease prevention and control. Periodontology 2000 2012, 60, 15–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eke, P.I.; Dye, B.A.; Wei, L.; Thornton-Evans, G.O.; Genco, R.J. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J. Dent. Res. 2012, 91, 914–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Health Promotion Bureau of Taiwan. Bureau of Health Promotion Annual Report, 2009; Health Promotion Bureau of Taiwan: Taipei, Taiwan, 2009; pp. 1–1141.
- Yu, H.C.; Su, N.Y.; Huang, J.Y.; Lee, S.S.; Chang, Y.C. Trends in the prevalence of periodontitis in Taiwan from 1997 to 2013: A nationwide population-based retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017, 96, e8585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peter, K.P.; Mute, B.R.; Pitale, U.M.; Shetty, S.; Hc, S.; Satpute, P.S. Prevalence of periodontal disease and characterization of its extent and severity in an adult population—An observational study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2014, 8, ZC04–ZC07. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aimetti, M.; Perotto, S.; Castiglione, A.; Mariani, G.M.; Ferrarotti, F.; Romano, F. Prevalence of periodontitis in an adult population from an urban area in North Italy: Findings from a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological survey. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2015, 42, 622–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eke, P.I.; Dye, B.A.; Wei, L.; Slade, G.D.; Thornton-Evans, G.O.; Borgnakke, W.S.; Taylor, G.W.; Page, R.C.; Beck, J.D.; Genco, R.J. Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J. Periodontol. 2015, 86, 611–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kornman, K.S. Mapping the pathogenesis of periodontitis: A new look. J. Periodontol. 2008, 79 (Suppl. 8), 1560–1568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Aiuto, F.; Nibali, L.; Parkar, M.; Patel, K.; Suvan, J.; Donos, N. Oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and severe periodontitis. J. Dent. Res. 2010, 89, 1241–1246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al-Harbi, F.; El Tantawi, M. Normative prosthodontic care need: Does it impact the daily life of young Saudis with high level of oral diseases? A cross sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2017, 17, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lertpimonchai, A.; Rattanasiri, S.; Arj-Ong Vallibhakara, S.; Attia, J.; Thakkinstian, A. The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Dent. J. 2017, 67, 332–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Genco, R.J.; Borgnakke, W.S. Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000 2013, 62, 59–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sculley, D.V.; Langley-Evans, S.C. Salivary antioxidants and periodontal disease status. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2002, 61, 137–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chapple, I.L. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 1997, 24, 287–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sies, H. Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. Exp. Physiol. 1997, 82, 291–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Netto, L.E.; Antunes, F. The Roles of Peroxiredoxin and Thioredoxin in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and in Signal Transduction. Mol. Cells 2016, 39, 65–71. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Giannobile, W.V.; Beikler, T.; Kinney, J.S.; Ramseier, C.A.; Morelli, T.; Wong, D.T. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for periodontal disease: Current state and future directions. Periodontology 2000 2009, 50, 52–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tothova, L.; Kamodyova, N.; Cervenka, T.; Celec, P. Salivary markers of oxidative stress in oral diseases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2015, 5, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farnaud, S.J.; Kosti, O.; Getting, S.J.; Renshaw, D. Saliva: Physiology and diagnostic potential in health and disease. Sci. World J. 2010, 10, 434–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canakci, V.; Yildirim, A.; Canakci, C.F.; Eltas, A.; Cicek, Y.; Canakci, H. Total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes in serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid of preeclamptic women with and without periodontal disease. J. Periodontol. 2007, 78, 1602–1611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCord, J.M.; Edeas, M.A. SOD, oxidative stress and human pathologies: A brief history and a future vision. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2005, 59, 139–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ooshima, T.; Minami, T.; Aono, W.; Izumitani, A.; Sobue, S.; Fujiwara, T.; Kawabata, S.; Hamada, S. Oolong tea polyphenols inhibit experimental dental caries in SPF rats infected with mutans streptococci. Caries Res. 1993, 27, 124–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, C.L.; You, H.J.; Lian, H.J.; Huang, C.H. Patients receiving comprehensive periodontal treatment have better clinical outcomes than patients receiving conventional periodontal treatment. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2016, 115, 152–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hefti, A.F.; Preshaw, P.M. Examiner alignment and assessment in clinical periodontal research. Periodontology 2000 2012, 59, 41–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Leary, T.J.; Drake, R.B.; Naylor, J.E. The plaque control record. J. Periodontol. 1972, 43, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Novakovic, N.; Todorovic, T.; Rakic, M.; Milinkovic, I.; Dozic, I.; Jankovic, S.; Aleksic, Z.; Cakic, S. Salivary antioxidants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue status and treatment outcome. J. Periodontal Res. 2014, 49, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.G.; Buchner, A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glavind, L. Effect of monthly professional mechanical tooth cleaning on periodontal health in adults. J. Clin. Periodontol. 1977, 4, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lightner, L.M.; O’Leary, J.T.; Drake, R.B.; Crump, P.P.; Allen, M.F. Preventive periodontic treatment procedures: Results over 46 months. J. Periodontol. 1971, 42, 555–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suomi, J.D.; Smith, L.W.; Chang, J.J.; Barbano, J.P. Study of the effect of different prophylaxis frequencies on the periodontium of young adult males. J. Periodontol. 1973, 44, 406–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakamura, H.; Nakamura, K.; Yodoi, J. Redox regulation of cellular activation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1997, 15, 351–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Droge, W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev. 2002, 82, 47–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Day, B.J. Antioxidant therapeutics: Pandora’s box. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2014, 66, 58–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halliwell, B. Reactive oxygen species in living systems: Source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. Am. J. Med. 1991, 91, 14S–22S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armitage, G.C.; Robertson, P.B. The biology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases: Scientific advances in the United States. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2009, 140 (Suppl. 1), 36S–43S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Albandar, J.M.; Brown, L.J.; Brunelle, J.A.; Loe, H. Gingival state and dental calculus in early-onset periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 1996, 67, 953–959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fukai, T.; Ushio-Fukai, M. Superoxide dismutases: Role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011, 15, 1583–1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, C.H.; Lee, C.Y.; Feng, S.W.; Miao, N.F.; Lin, P.H.; Lin, C.T.; Tsai, S.H.; Huang, Y.K. Effects of Salivary Oxidative Markers on Edentulous Patients’ Satisfaction with Prosthetic Denture Treatments: A Pilot Study. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0151605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomas, I.; Diz, P.; Tobias, A.; Scully, C.; Donos, N. Periodontal health status and bacteraemia from daily oral activities: Systematic review/meta-analysis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2012, 39, 213–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, P.S.; Huang, W.C.; Chen, S.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Lee, C.Y.; Lin, C.T.; Huang, Y.K. Scaling-stimulated salivary antioxidant changes and oral-health behavior in an evaluation of periodontal treatment outcomes. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 814671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zschauer, T.C.; Matsushima, S.; Altschmied, J.; Shao, D.; Sadoshima, J.; Haendeler, J. Interacting with thioredoxin-1—Disease or no disease? Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2013, 18, 1053–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matthews, J.R.; Wakasugi, N.; Virelizier, J.L.; Yodoi, J.; Hay, R.T. Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20, 3821–3830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.C.; Kim, O.S.; Kim, O.J.; Kim, Y.J.; Chung, H.J. Antioxidant profile of whole saliva after scaling and root planing in periodontal disease. J. Periodont. Implant Sci. 2010, 40, 164–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sculley, D.V.; Langley-Evans, S.C. Periodontal disease is associated with lower antioxidant capacity in whole saliva and evidence of increased protein oxidation. Clin. Sci. 2003, 105, 167–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keskiner, I.; Saygun, I.; Bal, V.; Serdar, M.; Kantarci, A. Dietary supplementation with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids reduces salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical study. J. Periodontal Res. 2017, 52, 695–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Periodontal Clinical Parameters | N | PI (%) | BOP (%) | PD (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean ± SE | |||
Gender | 225 | 58.88 ± 1.24 | 43.58 ± 1.4 | 3.44 ± 0.03 |
Female | 122 | 58.12 ± 1.57 | 43.19 ± 1.77 | 3.41 ± 0.04 |
Male | 103 | 59.77 ± 1.97 | 44.05 ± 2.25 | 3.48 ± 0.05 |
p value a | 0.51 | 0.76 | 0.34 | |
Educational level | ||||
High school | 90 | 59.17 ± 1.89 | 46.97 ± 2.16 | 3.52 ± 0.06 |
University or above | 135 | 58.68 ± 1.64 | 41.36 ± 1.83 | 3.39 ± 0.04 |
p value a | 0.84 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
Smoking status | ||||
Non-smoker | 159 | 59.74 ± 1.46 | 45.15 ± 1.66 | 3.43 ± 0.04 |
Smoker | 66 | 56.8 ± 2.33 | 39.7 ± 2.6 | 3.48 ± 0.07 |
p value a | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.55 | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Never or occasional | 200 | 58.55 ± 1.31 | 43.28 ± 1.49 | 3.43 ± 0.03 |
Regular | 25 | 61.46 ± 3.93 | 46.03 ± 4.22 | 3.55 ± 0.12 |
p value a | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.25 | |
Betel nut chewing | ||||
Non-chewer | 218 | 58.62 ± 1.27 | 43.54 ± 1.42 | 3.45 ± 0.03 |
Chewer | 7 | 66.93 ± 4.87 | 44.9 ± 10.33 | 3.3 ± 0.15 |
p value a | 0.24 | 0.86 | 0.45 | |
Tooth cleaning frequency | ||||
Once per day | 23 | 69.29 ± 4.21 | 46.04 ± 5.65 | 3.54 ± 0.11 |
Twice per day | 132 | 59.93 ± 1.54 | 42.61 ± 1.7 | 3.42 ± 0.04 |
More than twice per day | 70 | 53.46 ± 2.16 | 44.6 ± 2.61 | 3.46 ± 0.07 |
p value b | <0.01 | 0.69 | 0.59 | |
Auxiliary tooth cleaning tools | ||||
None | 62 | 63.51 ± 2.36 | 47.5 ± 2.98 | 3.52 ± 0.07 |
Floss or interdental brush | 118 | 57.08 ± 1.72 | 41.16 ± 1.75 | 3.41 ± 0.04 |
Floss and interdental brush | 45 | 57.19 ± 2.6 | 44.52 ± 3.31 | 3.44 ± 0.08 |
p value b | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.34 | |
Length of time since last dental visit | ||||
>1 year | 150 | 60.4 ± 1.55 | 45.28 ± 1.77 | 3.45 ± 0.04 |
<1 year | 75 | 55.82 ± 2.02 | 40.05 ± 2.23 | 3.44 ± 0.07 |
p value a | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.97 |
Salivary Antioxidant | N | Cu/Zn SOD (µg/mL) | MnSOD (µg/mL) | Prx2 (µg/mL) | Trx1 (µg/mL) | Catalase (mg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean ± SE | |||||
All subjects | 225 | 14.87 ± 0.87 | 17.8 ± 2.38 | 4.81 ± 1.36 | 504.88 ± 23.83 | 14.25 ± 3.52 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 122 | 13.79 ± 0.85 | 18.18 ± 3.2 | 2.64 ± 0.53 | 509.23 ± 32.16 | 22.08 ± 6.25 |
Male | 103 | 16.14 ± 1.61 | 17.34 ± 3.58 | 7.38 ± 2.89 | 499.73 ± 35.65 | 4.98 ± 1.72 |
p value a | 0.19 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.84 | <0.01 | |
Educational level | ||||||
High school | 90 | 13.33 ± 1.12 | 11.62 ± 2.7 | 3.13 ± 0.77 | 448.72 ± 33.86 | 23.09 ± 7.41 |
University or above | 135 | 15.89 ± 1.25 | 21.91 ± 3.51 | 5.93 ± 2.21 | 542.32 ± 32.38 | 8.35 ± 3.09 |
p value a | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.07 | |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 159 | 15.62 ± 1.07 | 18.19 ± 2.87 | 5.84 ± 1.9 | 540.02 ± 27.78 | 16.93 ± 4.83 |
Smoker | 66 | 13.05 ± 1.46 | 16.86 ± 4.3 | 2.34 ± 0.6 | 420.23 ± 44.67 | 7.78 ± 2.79 |
p value a | 0.18 | 0.80 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.10 | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never or occasional | 200 | 14.91 ± 0.92 | 18.17 ± 2.62 | 3.56 ± 0.98 | 517.67 ± 25.2 | 14.88 ± 3.93 |
Regular | 25 | 14.56 ± 2.77 | 14.84 ± 4.82 | 14.82 ± 9.3 | 402.55 ± 71.24 | 9.23 ± 4.14 |
p value a | 0.90 | 0.54 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.32 | |
Betel nut chewing | ||||||
Non-chewer | 218 | 15 ± 0.88 | 18.16 ± 2.46 | 4.89 ± 1.4 | 509.24 ± 24.06 | 14.47 ± 3.63 |
Chewer | 7 | 10.63 ± 5.51 | 6.48 ± 2.18 | 2.48 ± 1.39 | 369.03 ± 161.87 | 7.48 ± 7.22 |
p value a | 0.38 | <0.01 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.40 | |
Tooth cleaning frequency | ||||||
Once per day | 23 | 15.61 ± 2.68 | 15.97 ± 6.55 | 12.38 ± 9.86 | 522.5 ± 81.15 | 9.05 ± 4.84 |
Twice per day | 132 | 13.77 ± 0.86 | 16.91 ± 3.12 | 3.95 ± 1.44 | 502.27 ± 30.57 | 11.77 ± 4.09 |
More than twice per day | 70 | 16.7 ± 2.11 | 20.08 ± 4.44 | 3.94 ± 1.16 | 504.02 ± 43.45 | 20.62 ± 8.13 |
p value b | 0.30 | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.96 | 0.46 | |
Auxiliary tooth cleaning tools | ||||||
None | 62 | 16.74 ± 1.48 | 26.83 ± 5.84 | 5.76 ± 3.68 | 445.71 ± 48.68 | 29.01 ± 10.18 |
Floss or interdental brush | 118 | 14.77 ± 1.38 | 14.38 ± 2.85 | 3.11 ± 0.72 | 553.09 ± 31.48 | 5.98 ± 1.98 |
Floss and interdental brush | 45 | 12.56 ± 1.26 | 14.31 ± 4.41 | 7.97 ± 4.15 | 460 ± 52.22 | 15.6 ± 8.89 |
p value b | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.02 | |
Length of time since last dental visit | ||||||
>1 year | 150 | 12.98 ± 0.74 | 15.57 ± 2.81 | 3.52 ± 1.58 | 575.11 ± 28.18 | 21.24 ± 5.19 |
<1 year | 75 | 18.64 ± 2.11 | 22.26 ± 4.4 | 7.4 ± 2.58 | 364.44 ± 39.48 | 0.26 ± 0.02 |
p value a | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.17 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Dependent Variable | PI (%) | BOP (%) | PD Mean (mm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | β | SE | p Value | β | SE | p Value | β | SE | p Value | |
Gender (male vs. female), N = 225 | 1.65 | 2.48 | 0.50 | 0.86 | 2.82 | 0.76 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.33 | |
Education, N = 225 (university or above vs. high school) | −0.48 | 2.53 | 0.84 | −5.61 | 2.85 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.06 | |
Smoking status, N = 225 (smokers vs. non-smokers) | −2.93 | 2.71 | 0.28 | −5.45 | 3.08 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.55 | |
Alcohol consumption, N = 225 (regular vs. never or occasional) | 2.9 | 3.94 | 0.46 | 2.74 | 4.53 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.25 | |
Betel nut chewing, N = 225 (chewers vs. non-chewers) | 8.31 | 7.12 | 0.24 | 1.36 | 8.05 | 0.85 | −0.14 | 0.2 | 0.45 | |
Tooth cleaning frequency | ||||||||||
Twice per day vs. once per day, N = 155 | −9.35 | 4.04 | 0.02 | −3.42 | 4.67 | 0.46 | −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.29 | |
More than twice per day vs. once per day, N = 93 | −15.83 | 4.46 | <0.001 | −1.43 | 5.56 | 0.79 | −0.08 | 0.13 | 0.54 | |
More than twice per day vs. twice per day, N = 202 | −6.47 | 2.63 | 0.01 | 1.99 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.65 | |
Floss or interdental brush vs. none, N = 180 | −6.42 | 2.93 | 0.02 | −6.34 | 3.24 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 0.0.8 | 0.13 | |
Floss and interdental brush vs. none, N = 107 | −6.32 | 3.54 | 0.07 | −2.98 | 4.48 | 0.50 | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.45 | |
Floss and interdental brush vs. floss or interdental brush, N = 163 | 0.11 | 3.22 | 0.97 | 3.36 | 3.48 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.66 | |
Length of time since last dental visit (<1 year vs. >1 year), N = 225 | −4.58 | 2.61 | 0.08 | −5.23 | 2.98 | 0.08 | −2.52 × 10−3 | 0.07 | 0.97 |
Dependent Variable: PI (%) | Model I § | Model II ¶ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | β | SE | p Value | β | SE | p Value | |
Cu-Zn SOD (µg/mL) | 0.47 | 0.18 | <0.01 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.04 | |
MnSOD (µg/mL) | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.64 | |
Prx2 (µg/mL) | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.56 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.92 | |
Trx1 (µg/mL) | 5.14 × 10−3 | 4.46 × 10−3 | 0.25 | 3.89 × 10−3 | 4.45 × 10−3 | 0.38 | |
Catalase (mg/mL) | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
Dependent variable: BOP (%) | Model III § | Model IV ¶ | |||||
Independent variable | β | SE | p value | β | SE | p value | |
Cu-Zn SOD (µg/mL) | 0.64 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.19 | <0.01 | |
MnSOD (µg/mL) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.35 | |
Prx2 (µg/mL) | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.54 | |
Trx1 (µg/mL) | −0.02 | 4.75 × 10−3 | <0.001 | −0.02 | 4.82 × 10−3 | <.0001 | |
Catalase (mg/mL) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.15 | |
Dependent variable: PD mean (mm) | Model V § | Model VI ¶ | |||||
Independent variable | β | SE | p value | β | SE | p value | |
Cu-Zn SOD (µg/mL) | 8.37 × 10−3 | 4.07 × 10−3 | 0.04 | 7.42 × 10−3 | 4.25 × 10−3 | 0.08 | |
MnSOD (µg/mL) | 5.12 × 10−4 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 0.64 | 7.96 × 10−4 | 1.11 × 10−3 | 0.47 | |
Prx2 (µg/mL) | 3.08 × 10−3 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 0.09 | 1.47 × 10−3 | 1.93 × 10−3 | 0.45 | |
Trx1 (µg/mL) | −4.91 × 10−4 | 1.03 × 10−4 | <0.0001 | −4.89 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−4 | <0.0001 | |
Catalase (mg/mL) | 6.51 × 10−4 | 5.54 × 10−4 | 0.24 | 6.54 × 10−4 | 5.82 × 10−4 | 0.26 |
Dependent Variable: PI (%) | Model I § | Model II ¶ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | β | SE | p Value | β | SE | p Value | |
Cu-Zn SOD (µg/mL) | −0.03 | 0.20 | 0.87 | 3.54 × 10−3 | 0.21 | 0.99 | |
MnSOD (µg/mL) | −0.14 | 0.09 | 0.11 | −0.14 | 0.09 | 0.12 | |
Prx2 (µg/mL) | −0.14 | 0.10 | 0.16 | −0.17 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |
Trx1 (µg/mL) | 1.14 × 10−3 | 0.01 | 0.91 | −1.67 × 10−3 | 0.01 | 0.87 | |
Catalase (mg/mL) | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.08 | |
Dependent variable: BOP (%) | Model III § | Model IV ¶ | |||||
Independent variable | β | SE | p value | β | SE | p value | |
Cu-Zn SOD (µg/mL) | −0.05 | 0.22 | 0.82 | −0.07 | 0.24 | 0.79 | |
MnSOD (µg/mL) | −0.16 | 0.09 | 0.09 | −0.14 | 0.11 | 0.19 | |
Prx2 (µg/mL) | −0.10 | 0.10 | 0.31 | −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.30 | |
Trx1 (µg/mL) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.41 | |
Catalase (mg/mL) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | |
Dependent variable: PD mean (mm) | Model V § | Model VI ¶ | |||||
Independent variable | β | SE | p value | β | SE | p value | |
Cu-Zn SOD (µg/mL) | 2.08 × 10−3 | 6.65 × 10−3 | 0.76 | 3.71 × 10−3 | 6.79 × 10−3 | 0.59 | |
MnSOD (µg/mL) | −6.61 × 10−3 | 2.80 × 10−3 | 0.02 | −7.55 × 10−3 | 2.92 × 10−3 | 0.01 | |
Prx2 (µg/mL) | −1.18 × 10−3 | 3.08 × 10−3 | 0.70 | 3.51 × 10−4 | 3.15 × 10−3 | 0.91 | |
Trx1 (µg/mL) | 1.36 × 10−4 | 3.26 × 10−4 | 0.68 | 4.93 × 10−5 | 3.32 × 10−4 | 0.88 | |
Catalase (mg/mL) | 1.39 | 0.60 | 0.02 | 1.63 | 0.61 | 0.01 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lee, C.-Y.; Choy, C.-S.; Lai, Y.-C.; Chang, C.-C.; Teng, N.-C.; Huang, W.-T.; Lin, C.-T.; Huang, Y.-K. A Cross-Sectional Study of Endogenous Antioxidants and Patterns of Dental Visits of Periodontitis Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020180
Lee C-Y, Choy C-S, Lai Y-C, Chang C-C, Teng N-C, Huang W-T, Lin C-T, Huang Y-K. A Cross-Sectional Study of Endogenous Antioxidants and Patterns of Dental Visits of Periodontitis Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(2):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020180
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Chang-Yu, Cheuk-Sing Choy, Yu-Cheng Lai, Chao-Chien Chang, Nai-Chia Teng, Wan-Ting Huang, Che-Tong Lin, and Yung-Kai Huang. 2019. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Endogenous Antioxidants and Patterns of Dental Visits of Periodontitis Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2: 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020180