Combining Data from Multiple Sources to Evaluate Spatial Variations in the Economic Costs of PM2.5-Related Health Conditions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Data
2.2. The Spatial Distribution of the Population Density
2.3. PM2.5 Health Risk Assessment
2.4. Quantitative Estimation of the Economic Costs
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Variations in PM2.5 and Population Density
3.2. Health Effects Linked to PM2.5
3.3. Economic Costs of PM2.5
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Health Impact | Exposure-Response Coefficients 95% CI | Reference |
---|---|---|
All-cause mortality | 0.0040 (0.0019, 0.0062) | [63] |
Respiratory hospital admission | 0.0109 (0, 0.0221) | [60,61,63] [60,61,63] |
Cardiovascular hospital admission | 0.0068 (0.0043, 0.0093) | [60,61,63] |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 0.0056 (0.0020, 0.09) | [59] |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 0.0049 (0.0027, 0.07) | [59] |
Acute bronchitis | 0.0790 (0.027, 0.13) | [69] |
Chronic bronchitis | 0.01009 (0.00366, 0.01559) | [18] |
Asthma attack | 0.02100 (0.0145, 0.03) | [70] |
Health Impact | EBeijing | ETianjin | EHebei | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
All-cause mortality | 5.20‰ | 5.54‰ | 6.36‰ | [58] |
Respiratory hospital admission | 2.03% | 1.47% | 2.11% | [71] |
Cardiovascular hospital admission | 1.57% | 1.14% | 1.64% | [71] |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 77.00‰ | 52.58‰ | 96.10‰ | [71] |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 22.20% | 31.70% | 21.80% | [71] |
Acute bronchitis | 3.80% | 3.80% | 3.80% | [18,72] |
Chronic bronchitis | 0.69% | 3.80% | 3.80% | [18,72] |
Asthma attack | 0.94% | 0.94% | 0.94% | [18,72] |
Health Impact | ECBeijing | ECTianjin | ECHebei | Method | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All-cause mortality | 775,333.85 | 502,461.50 | 383,481.63 | VOSL | [58] |
Respiratory hospital admission | 1096.17 | 1096.17 | 1096.17 | COI | [71] |
Cardiovascular hospital admission | 2595.54 | 2595.54 | 2595.54 | COI | [71] |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 69.28 | 45.06 | 32.35 | COI | [71] |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 69.28 | 45.06 | 32.35 | COI | [71] |
Acute bronchitis | 376.39 | 304.86 | 211.21 | COI | [18,67] |
Chronic bronchitis | 42,643.36 | 27,635.38 | 21,091.49 | VOSL | [77] |
Asthma attack | 277.06 | 224.41 | 155.39 | COI | [67] |
Health Impact | Beijing | Tianjin | Hebei |
---|---|---|---|
All-cause mortality | 15.934 (7.871, 23.718) | 11.004 (5.413, 16.447) | 62.067 (30.566, 92.676) |
Respiratory hospital admission | 149.415 (0, 250.340) | 70.832 (0, 120.835) | 500.378 (0, 849.737) |
Cardiovascular hospital admission | 77.810 (51.511, 101.725) | 36.617 (24.128, 48.089) | 259.152 (170.962, 339.954) |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 320.725 (122.453, 484.648) | 142.390 (53.991, 216.506) | 1277.715 (485.322, 1939.757) |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 819.571 (470.404, 1126.711) | 759.872 (434.312, 1048.723) | 2,566.449 (1468.419, 3538.570) |
Acute bronchitis | 784.711 (529.764, 819.832) | 553.107 (356.541, 586.417) | 2659.836 (1735.294, 2808.604) |
Chronic bronchitis | 48.028 (19.580, 67.412) | 31.481 (12.684, 44.600) | 154.244 (62.332, 218.013) |
Asthma attack | 112.297 (86.531, 138.935) | 74.929 (57.147, 93.883) | 365.481 (279.469, 456.461) |
Health Impact | Economic Cost (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing | Tianjin | Heibei | |
All-cause mortality | 12.35 (6.10, 18.39) | 5.53 (2.72, 8.26) | 23.80 (11.72, 35.54) |
Respiratory hospital admission | 0.16 (0, 0.27) | 0.08 (0, 0.13) | 0.55 (0, 0.93) |
Cardiovascular hospital admission | 0.20 (0.13, 0.26) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.12) | 0.67 (0.44, 0.88) |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.002, 0.01) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) |
Acute bronchitis | 0.30 (0.20, 0.31) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.18) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.59) |
Chronic bronchitis | 2.04 (0.83, 2.87) | 0.86 (0.35, 1.23) | 3.25 (1.31, 4.60) |
Asthma attack | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) |
Total loss | 15.16 (7.34, 22.26) | 6.80 (3.28, 10.01) | 29.00 (13.95, 42.79) |
GDP | 386.45 | 269.26 | 482.81 |
Total loss/GDP | 3.90% | 2.52% | 6.00% |
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Zhang, X.; Hu, H. Combining Data from Multiple Sources to Evaluate Spatial Variations in the Economic Costs of PM2.5-Related Health Conditions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203994
Zhang X, Hu H. Combining Data from Multiple Sources to Evaluate Spatial Variations in the Economic Costs of PM2.5-Related Health Conditions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203994
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiya, and Haibo Hu. 2019. "Combining Data from Multiple Sources to Evaluate Spatial Variations in the Economic Costs of PM2.5-Related Health Conditions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203994