Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis
2.3. Assessment of Sediment Pollution
2.3.1. Enrichment Factor (EF)
2.3.2. Contamination Degree (CD)
2.3.3. Environmental Toxicity Quotient (ETQ)
2.3.4. Health Risk Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sediments Chemistry
3.2. Estimation of Superficial Sediment Contamination and Ecotoxicological Risks
3.3. Relationships between Elements and PCA
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/kg) | ||||||||
Mean | 68.31 | 6.87 | 23.01 | 15.81 | 38.60 | 10.23 | 0.14 | 11.66 |
s.d. | 27.87 | 1.43 | 4.15 | 3.80 | 6.04 | 1.77 | 0.03 | 1.60 |
Min | 31.84 | 4.71 | 16.69 | 11.03 | 29.99 | 7.54 | 0.1 | 8.61 |
Max | 160 | 11.29 | 35.39 | 30.74 | 53.91 | 16.78 | 0.22 | 14.84 |
Median | 62.58 | 6.56 | 22.59 | 15.09 | 38.68 | 10.22 | 0.14 | 11.42 |
Kurtosis | 2.75 | 1.76 | 1.33 | 7.64 | 0.11 | 5.72 | 1.39 | −0.57 |
Skewness | 1.27 | 1.09 | 0.90 | 2.24 | 0.64 | 1.69 | 0.71 | 0.18 |
Variance | 777 | 2.04 | 17.24 | 14.47 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 0.001 | 2.55 |
Geochemical background | 29–96 | 4.52–8.60 | 17–28 | 11–19 | 30–47 | 8–13 | 0.10–0.17 | 9–14 |
Geochemical threshold | 96 | 8.60 | 28 | 19 | 47 | 13 | 0.17 | 14 |
Background mean | 60 | 6.55 | 22 | 15 | 38 | 10 | 0.13 | 11 |
Romanian sediment quality guidelines | 100 | – | 35 | 40 | 150 | 29 | 0.8 | 85 |
Sites and Indices | Enrichment Factors (EF) | ETQ | CD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | |||
S1 | 0.96 | 1.36 | 1.23 | 1.34 | 1.23 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 1.24 | 13.85 | 9.05 |
S2 | 0.80 | 1.29 | 1.06 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 12.34 | 8.52 |
S3 | 1.58 | 1.93 | 1.80 | 2.37 | 1.61 | 1.88 | 1.29 | 1.35 | 18.38 | 12.32 |
S4 | 0.99 | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 13.72 | 9.32 |
S5 | 1.29 | 1.14 | 0.97 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 13.83 | 8.67 |
S6 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.95 | 1.04 | 0.93 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 1.08 | 12.37 | 8.36 |
S7 | 0.69 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.13 | 1.02 | 10.55 | 7.69 |
S8 | 1.33 | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.22 | 1.14 | 14.66 | 9.49 |
S9 | 1.82 | 1.17 | 1.07 | 1.21 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 16.47 | 9.78 |
S11a | 1.73 | 1.31 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.33 | 1.23 | 1.79 | 1.33 | 16.77 | 10.83 |
S11b | 1.11 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 13.07 | 8.31 |
S12 | 0.93 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 0.78 | 1.11 | 12.94 | 8.47 |
S13 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 10.90 | 7.18 |
S14a | 1.40 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.46 | 1.42 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 1.40 | 15.77 | 10.21 |
S14b | 0.57 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 9.50 | 6.53 |
S15a | 1.41 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 13.23 | 7.85 |
S15b | 1.31 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.22 | 14.23 | 9.05 |
S16a | 1.75 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 1.26 | 0.95 | 14.59 | 8.56 |
S16b | 1.10 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 12.12 | 7.33 |
S18 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 1.11 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.81 | 10.60 | 6.89 |
S19 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 1.32 | 0.90 | 11.22 | 7.56 |
S21a | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.93 | 10.51 | 7.22 |
S21b | 1.04 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 11.04 | 6.96 |
S22 | 0.60 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.03 | 10.79 | 7.91 |
S23 | 0.51 | 0.66 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.69 | 8.97 | 6.18 |
S24 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 11.17 | 7.83 |
S25 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 13.92 | 8.50 |
S26 | 2.73 | 1.14 | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.26 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 19.67 | 10.29 |
S28 | 0.49 | 0.93 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 10.10 | 7.14 |
Min | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 8.97 | 6.18 |
Max | 2.73 | 1.93 | 1.80 | 2.37 | 1.61 | 1.88 | 1.79 | 1.40 | 19.67 | 12.32 |
Average | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.08 | 1.012 | 1.010 | 1.011 | 1.013 | 13.01 | 8.41 |
Element | Exposure Assessment | Non-Carcinogenic Risk | Carcinogenic Risk |
---|---|---|---|
Expdermal | HQdermal | Cancerdermal * | |
Cr | 3.73 × 10−07 | 6.22 × 10−03 | 1.87 × 10−07 |
Co | 3.76 × 10−08 | 2.35 × 10−06 | |
Ni | 1.26 × 10−07 | 2.33 × 10−05 | |
Cu | 8.64 × 10−08 | 7.20 × 10−06 | |
Zn | 2.11 × 10−07 | 3.52 × 10−06 | |
As | 5.59 × 10−08 | 4.54 × 10−04 | 8.38 × 10−08 |
Cd | 7.42 × 10−10 | 7.42 × 10−05 | 4.67 × 10−09 |
Pb | 6.37 × 10−08 | 1.21 × 10−04 | 5.42 × 10−10 |
HIdermal | 6.90 × 10−3 | ||
CanRisktotal | 2.76 × 10−7 |
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Maftei, A.E.; Buzatu, A.; Buzgar, N.; Apopei, A.I. Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234664
Maftei AE, Buzatu A, Buzgar N, Apopei AI. Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(23):4664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234664
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaftei, Andreea E., Andrei Buzatu, Nicolae Buzgar, and Andrei I. Apopei. 2019. "Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234664