Psychometric Characteristics of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in the Context of Physical Activity in Nature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study 1
2.1.1. Design
2.1.2. Participants and Procedure
2.1.3. Instrument and Application to the Physical Activity in Nature Context
2.1.4. Data Analysis
2.2. Study 2
2.2.1. Design
2.2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.2.3. Instrument
2.2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study 1
3.1.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.1.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
3.2. Study 2
3.2.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.2.2. Gender and School Year Differences
3.2.3. Invariance Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- An instrument is applied in a different context than it was created for, which is the natural environment.
- (2)
- From this application, it is concluded that the PACES, in this context, cannot be applied as-is. Instead, some items must be eliminated and/or modified. Therefore, we obtained a new specific instrument for this type of practice.
- (3)
- An invariance analysis was carried out, something that had never before been done using any of these instruments. Therefore, new data are provided.
- (4)
- Finally, sex and course analysis were performed and have not been differentiated, something that gave different results in other works.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale: | M | SD | CCIT-c | α without ítem | Asymmetry | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Enjoyment (α = 0.786) | ||||||
1. I enjoy it | 4.67 | 0.770 | 0.51 | 0.76 | −2.92 | 9.39 |
4. I find it pleasant | 4.39 | 0.948 | 0.50 | 0.76 | −1.75 | 2.87 |
6. It gives me energy | 4.12 | 1.13 | 0.53 | 0.76 | −1.31 | 0.983 |
8. It’s very exciting | 4.46 | 0.916 | 0.57 | 0.75 | −1.86 | 3.24 |
9. My body feels good | 4.31 | 0.957 | 0.54 | 0.76 | −1.50 | 1.85 |
10. I get something extra from it | 3.87 | 1.19 | 0.45 | 0.77 | −0.880 | −0.030 |
11. It´s very exciting | 3.97 | 1.23 | 0.45 | 0.77 | −1.05 | 0.150 |
14. It produces strong feelings in me | 3.23 | 1.35 | 0.32 | 0.80 | −0.319 | −0.960 |
15. I feel good | 4.60 | 0.792 | 0.55 | 0.76 | −2.38 | 5.97 |
Negative Enjoyment (α = 0.700) | ||||||
2. I´m bored | 1.46 | 0.906 | 0.42 | 0.66 | 2.23 | 4.94 |
3. I don´t like it | 1.35 | 0.857 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 2.75 | 7.36 |
5. It´s no fun at all | 1.41 | 1.04 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 2.59 | 5.77 |
7. It depresses me | 1.32 | 0.885 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 2.96 | 8.11 |
12. It frustrates me | 1.35 | 0.881 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 2.76 | 7.22 |
13. It´s not at all interesting | 1.31 | 0.839 | 0.35 | 0.68 | 2.91 | 7.98 |
16. I think I should be doing something else | 1.49 | 1.00 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 2.21 | 4.11 |
Scale: | F1 | F2 |
---|---|---|
Positive Enjoyment (α = 0.786) | ||
1. I enjoy it | 0.411 | |
4. I find it pleasant | 0.518 | |
6. It gives me energy | 0.585 | |
8. It´s very exciting | 0.537 | |
9. My body feels good | 0.581 | |
10. I get something extra from it | 0.715 | |
11. It´s very exciting | 0.597 | |
14. It produces strong feelings in me | 0.554 | |
15. I feel good | 0.440 | |
Negative Enjoyment (α = 0.700) | ||
2. I´m bored | 0.549 | |
3. I don´t like it | 0.531 | |
5. It´s no fun at all | 0.505 | |
7. It depresses me | 0.685 | |
12. It frustrates me | 0.625 | |
13. It´s not at all interesting | 0.479 | |
16. I think I should be doing something else | 0.560 |
Scale: | Load | R2 |
---|---|---|
Positive Enjoyment (α = 0.786) | ||
1. I enjoy it | 0.79 | 0.624 |
4. I find it pleasant | 0.67 | 0.455 |
6. It gives me energy | 0.65 | 0.423 |
8. It´s very exciting | 0.77 | 0.600 |
9. My body feels good | 0.66 | 0.429 |
10. I get something extra from it | 0.49 | 0.238 |
11. It´s very exciting | 0.55 | 0.307 |
14. It produces strong feelings in me | 0.37 | 0.140 |
15. I feel good | 0.80 | 0.632 |
Negative Enjoyment (α = 0.700) | ||
2. I´m bored | 0.66 | 0.435 |
3. I don´t like it | 0.71 | 0.500 |
5. It´s no fun at all | 0.67 | 0.455 |
7. It depresses me | 0.76 | 0.580 |
12. It frustrates me | 0.70 | 0.486 |
13. It´s not at all interesting | 0.65 | 0.423 |
16. I think I should be doing something else | 0.62 | 0.386 |
Scale | Load | R2 |
---|---|---|
Positive enjoyment (α = 0.712) | ||
1. I enjoy it | 0.74 | 0.552 |
8. It’s very exciting | 0.75 | 0.560 |
15. I feel good | 0.84 | 0.702 |
Negative enjoyment (α = 0.716) | ||
3. I don’t like it | 0.73 | 0.560 |
7. It depresses me | 0.80 | 0.640 |
12. It frustrates me | 0.75 | 0.566 |
PACE—Five Item Model | Convergent Validity | AVE | Cronbach´s Alpha | McDonald’s ω |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Enjoyment | 0.82 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 0.83 |
Negative Enjoyment | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 0.80 |
PACES | Male (n = 228) | Female (n = 227) | 5th Primary (n = 20) | 6th Primary (n = 389) | 1st ESO (n = 17) | 2nd ESO (n = 29) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | F | p | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | |
Positive Enjoyment | 4.61 | 0.62 | 4.53 | 0.68 | 1.81 | 0.18 | 4.62 | 0.55 | 4.58 | 0.65 | 4.15 | 0.86 | 4.66 | 0.52 | 2.59 | 0.052 |
Negative Enjoyment | 1.28 | 0.73 | 1.39 | 0.80 | 2.25 | 0.13 | 1.25 | 0.66 | 1.33 | 0.74 | 1.47 | 0.72 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 0.317 | 0.813 |
Models | χ2/df | Δχ2 | Δgl | CFI | TLI | GFI | RMSEA (IC 90%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 0.65 | − | − | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.005 (0.004–0.006) |
Model 2 | 0.96 | 12.05 | 12 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.006 (0.005–0.007) |
Model 3 | 0.90 | 23 | 21 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.006 (0.005–0.007) |
Model 4 | 0.98 | 77.37 | 18 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.007 (0.006–0.008) |
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Fuentesal-García, J.; Baena-Extremera, A.; Sáez-Padilla, J. Psychometric Characteristics of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in the Context of Physical Activity in Nature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244880
Fuentesal-García J, Baena-Extremera A, Sáez-Padilla J. Psychometric Characteristics of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in the Context of Physical Activity in Nature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):4880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244880
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuentesal-García, Julio, Antonio Baena-Extremera, and Jesús Sáez-Padilla. 2019. "Psychometric Characteristics of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in the Context of Physical Activity in Nature" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244880