International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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9 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Developments in Physical Education and Sport

by Antonio Granero-Gallegos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249171 - 8 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4706

Abstract

Continuous updates of knowledge among professionals in physical education (PE) and sport are essential for the goal of developing quality professional work [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

Research

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10 pages, 662 KiB

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Satisfaction, Enjoyment and Boredom with Physical Education as Mediator between Autonomy Support and Academic Performance in Physical Education

by Raúl Baños, Julio Fuentesal, Luis Conte, María del Mar Ortiz-Camacho and Jorge Zamarripa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 8898; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238898 - 30 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3901

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of satisfaction/enjoyment and boredom between the perception of autonomy support and academic performance in physical education. The sample consisted of 374 girls (M_age = 13.99; SD = 0.30) and 374 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of satisfaction/enjoyment and boredom between the perception of autonomy support and academic performance in physical education. The sample consisted of 374 girls (M_age = 13.99; SD = 0.30) and 374 boys (M_age = 14.02; SD = 0.33) from the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The instruments used were the Questionnaire for Autonomy Support in Physical Education (CAA-EF), Sport Satisfaction Intrinsic in Physical Education (SSI-EF) and the physical education performance of the students. The instrument’s validity tests were analyzed using confirmatory procedures. Descriptive, reliability, and validity analyses were carried out for each instrument, and the mediating effect was examined; a mediation analysis was performed using the PROCESS V.3.5 macro. The main results revealed that autonomy support is not a direct indicator of physical education performance, but rather that students must feel satisfied with physical education for there to exist a forecast for a positive physical education performance. Satisfaction with physical education was found to have a mediating effect between autonomy support and physical education performance. However, boredom did not have a mediating effect between autonomy support and the student’s performance in physical education class. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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14 pages, 1306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learning Strategies Focused on Decision Making and Collaboration on Physical Education

by M.ª Alejandra Ávalos-Ramos and M.ª Ángeles Martínez Ruiz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7924; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217924 - 28 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

This research analyzes the voices of university students of sport sciences during the implementation of strategies to support autonomy and collaboration in gymnastic learning, from the perspectives of self-determination, self-control, and self-regulation. The methodology is qualitative and the self-reflective journals with their narrative [...] Read more.

This research analyzes the voices of university students of sport sciences during the implementation of strategies to support autonomy and collaboration in gymnastic learning, from the perspectives of self-determination, self-control, and self-regulation. The methodology is qualitative and the self-reflective journals with their narrative are the tool to collect information. The strategy is well appreciated both in terms of the structure of the work plan and in the guidance of the tasks. The evolution of motivation, autonomy, collaboration, and achievements is highly valued throughout the process. However, the final assessment, despite having little effect on the grade, produces pressure and anxiety in students, so that self-control decreases, action is impaired, and the motivation achieved in the learning process is distorted. Further studies are needed to design coping strategies to help students maintain their motivation and confidence and to decrease students’ resistance to assessment tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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18 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Motivation in Physical Education Have an Impact on Out-of-School Physical Activity over Time? A Longitudinal Approach

by Djenna Hutmacher, Melanie Eckelt, Andreas Bund and Georges Steffgen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197258 - 4 Oct 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4151

Abstract

Previous research based on the trans-contextual model proposes that autonomous motivation in physical education (PE) is transferable to an out-of-school leisure-time (LT) context. However, only cross-sectional and unidirectional analyses have been conducted. The present study used a longitudinal design assessing N = 1681 [...] Read more.

Previous research based on the trans-contextual model proposes that autonomous motivation in physical education (PE) is transferable to an out-of-school leisure-time (LT) context. However, only cross-sectional and unidirectional analyses have been conducted. The present study used a longitudinal design assessing N = 1681 students (M = 14.68 years) on two occasions, measuring the following constructs: perceived need for support in PE, motivational regulation during PE and LT, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and physical activity behavior. Findings based on mixed effect models revealed that autonomy, competence, and relatedness support of the PE teacher were positively related to autonomous motivation. Moreover, similar motivational regulation types were found to significantly cross-lag across contexts. Through longitudinal mediation analyses, further support for the impact of autonomous motivation on physical activity, mediated by intention, attitude, and perceived behavioral control, was found. Suggestions for educational stakeholders regarding how to promote students’ autonomous motivation are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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16 pages, 737 KiB

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Contribution of Motivational Climates and Social Competence in Physical Education on Overall Physical Activity: A Self-Determination Theory Approach with a Creative Physical Education Twist

by Juha Kokkonen, Arto Gråstén, John Quay and Marja Kokkonen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5885; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165885 - 13 Aug 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5396

Abstract

Using a cross-sectional study design, we tested a structural equation model of hypothesized relationships among a group of variables: motivational climate in physical education (PE), students’ social competence in PE, out of-school physical activity (PA) motivation, PA intention and their moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). [...] Read more.

Using a cross-sectional study design, we tested a structural equation model of hypothesized relationships among a group of variables: motivational climate in physical education (PE), students’ social competence in PE, out of-school physical activity (PA) motivation, PA intention and their moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Based on the self-reports of 363 fourth to sixth grade elementary school students (172 girls, 191 boys), the model revealed that the task-involving motivational climate in PE was linked to higher MVPA via cooperation in PE, and also via extrinsic motivation and PA intention. Ego-involving motivational climate was related to higher extrinsic motivation and amotivation, further to higher PA intention and, finally, to higher MVPA. Task-involving motivational climate was positively linked to students’ social competence markers of cooperation and empathy, and negatively to disruptiveness. Ego-involving motivational climate was positively related to disruptiveness and impulsivity, the markers of low social competence. The study showed that the motivational climate and co-operational aspect of social competence both played significant roles in students’ PA motivation, PA intention and MVPA. A pedagogical model that brings the learning of social competence relevant skills to the fore is creative physical education (CPE). Analysis of CPE is provided which highlights teaching behaviors which contribute to the students’ MVPA through motivational climates, co-operation, PA motivation and PA intention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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19 pages, 422 KiB

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The Referee as an Educator: Assessment of the Quality of Referee–Players Interactions in Competitive Youth Handball

by Katarzyna Płoszaj, Wiesław Firek and Marcin Czechowski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 3988; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113988 - 4 Jun 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5193

Abstract

Sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for players. For a sports field to become a child-friendly educational environment, it is essential that all actors involved in the organization of youth sport take deliberate educational measures. Among these actors are referees, who should [...] Read more.

Sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for players. For a sports field to become a child-friendly educational environment, it is essential that all actors involved in the organization of youth sport take deliberate educational measures. Among these actors are referees, who should be taken into account during the research on the educational value of sport for the youngest. The subject of the present study was handball referees, who interact with the players during matches. Assuming that the referee is an important actor in sport education and that referee–players interactions are the basic mechanism of the referee’s educational influence, this study aimed to assess the quality of his or her interactions with players during handball matches for children aged 9 to 12 years. The research was conducted in a group of 25 handball referees who refereed matches of children in the region of Mazowieckie Voivodeship in Poland. The referees surveyed had current licenses issued by the Warsaw–Mazovian Handball Association. To assess the quality of referee–players interactions, the authors’ direct observation tool (Referee–Players’ Interaction Assessment Scoring System) was used. The educational referee–players interaction was studied in six dimensions: Positive climate, Responsiveness, Behavior management, Proficiency, Instructing, and Communicating. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared test, Mann–Whitney U test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s alpha values were higher than 0.90 in the factors, showing adequate levels of reliability. The results of the research demonstrated that the assessment of the quality of the referee’s educational influence on players was neither affected by the referees’ experience nor by the outcome of the match. The quality of educational referee–players interactions in five of the six dimensions studied was assessed as average, whereas positive climate was assessed as poor (three-step scale: poor, average, good). If referees are to support coaches and parents in achieving their educational goals, the results indicate areas where they can improve. The research provided empirical evidence that could be used as a basis for the modification of previous training programs for referees developed by local and national sports associations. The referees should be trained to build a positive climate on the sport field, which consists in creating emotional ties with players (physical proximity, social conversation), expressed in an enthusiastic attitude and joy of contacts (smiling, engagement, positive affect reaction, positive comments, respectful and inclusive language, using players first names, listening to players). In addition, referees must be taught to actively monitor players’ emotional, cognitive, social, and health needs, as well as to respond to the players’ needs and solve problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

11 pages, 1517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of a New Inertial Device for Monitoring Range of Motion at the Pelvis during Sexual Intercourse

by José M. Oliva-Lozano, Isabel Martín-Fuentes and José M. Muyor

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082884 - 22 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3710

Abstract

To understand the physical demands of sexual intercourse, it is necessary to monitor the kinematic parameters of this activity using relatively non-invasive technology. The aims of this study are to analyze the validity and reliability of an inertial device for monitoring the range [...] Read more.

To understand the physical demands of sexual intercourse, it is necessary to monitor the kinematic parameters of this activity using relatively non-invasive technology. The aims of this study are to analyze the validity and reliability of an inertial device for monitoring the range of motion at the pelvis during simulated intercourse and compare the range of motion (ROM). Twenty-six adults were monitored during intercourse using an inertial device (WIMU) and a motion capture system (gold standard) in a test that consisted of 4 sets of 20 simulated in–out cycles (IOC) in missionary and cowgirl positions. Men and women were tested separately in a laboratory setting for simulated intercourse aims. There were no differences between the WIMU and the gold standard system at fast pace (p > 0.05), whereas there were differences at slow pace (~2.04°; p ≤ 0.05; d = 0.17). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the relationship between systems was very close to 1 at both paces (slow: 0.981; fast: 0.998). The test–retest reliability analysis did not show any difference between sets of measurements. In conclusion, WIMU could be considered as a valid and reliable device for IOC range of motion monitoring during sexual intercourse in missionary and cowgirl positions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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14 pages, 359 KiB

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The Attitudinal Style as a Pedagogical Model in Physical Education: Analysis of Its Effects on Initial Teacher Training

by Ángel Pérez-Pueyo, David Hortigüela-Alcalá, Alejandra Hernando-Garijo and Antonio Granero-Gallegos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082816 - 19 Apr 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3886

Abstract

The implementation of the pedagogical model has meant an increase in rigour and coherence in Physical Education (PE) classes. The objectives of the study were twofold; (a) to delimit the characteristics and elements that make up Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model; (b) [...] Read more.

The implementation of the pedagogical model has meant an increase in rigour and coherence in Physical Education (PE) classes. The objectives of the study were twofold; (a) to delimit the characteristics and elements that make up Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model; (b) to analyze the perception of future teachers on the usefulness and transferability of the model in their classes. Twelve future PE teachers (seven women and five men) with an age of 20.14 ± 1.48 participated. All of them were part of the University of Burgos (Spain). A qualitative approach was used with two data collection instruments (reflective group journals and discussion group) and two categories of analysis were established: (a) usefulness in the construction of professional identity; (b) transferability of the Attitudinal Style in the school. The results showed how future PE teachers consider the model as a transcendental methodological tool in understanding and addressing PE at school. Interpersonal relationships in the classroom, student autonomy and group responsibility are highlighted as necessary aspects with high transferability to the school. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

16 pages, 1068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage MCDM Model for Exploring the Influential Relationships of Sustainable Sports Tourism Criteria in Taichung City

by Jen-Jen Yang, Yen-Ching Chuang, Huai-Wei Lo and Ting-I Lee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072319 - 30 Mar 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4873

Abstract

Many countries advocate sports for all to cultivate people’s interest in sports. In cities, cross-industry alliances between sports and tourism are one of the common practices. The following two important issues need to be discussed, namely, what factors should be paid attention to [...] Read more.

Many countries advocate sports for all to cultivate people’s interest in sports. In cities, cross-industry alliances between sports and tourism are one of the common practices. The following two important issues need to be discussed, namely, what factors should be paid attention to in the development of sports tourism, and what are the mutual influential relationships among these factors. This study proposes a novel two-stage multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to incorporate the concept of sustainable development into sports tourism. First, the Bayesian best–worst method (Bayesian BWM) is used to screen out important criteria. Bayesian BWM solves the problem of expert opinion integration of conventional BWM. It is based on the statistical probability to estimate the optimal group criteria weights. Secondly, the rough decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (rough DEMATEL) technique is used to map out complex influential relationships. The introduction of DEMATEL from the rough set theory has better practicality. In the calculation program, interval types are used to replace crisp values in order to retain more expert information. A city in central Taiwan was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the quality of urban security, government marketing, business sponsorship and mass transit planning are the most important criteria. In addition, in conjunction with local festivals is the most influential factor for the overall evaluation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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10 pages, 339 KiB

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Examining Body Satisfaction and Emotional–Social Intelligence among School Children: Educational Implications

by Diana Amado Alonso, Benito León-del-Barco, Santiago Mendo-Lázaro and Damián Iglesias Gallego

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 2120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062120 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4240

Abstract

In childhood, the perception of body image is in the construction phase and emerges linked to the aesthetic ideals of society, which is well differentiated according to gender. In this way, according to people’s interpretations of the environment and how to manage it [...] Read more.

In childhood, the perception of body image is in the construction phase and emerges linked to the aesthetic ideals of society, which is well differentiated according to gender. In this way, according to people’s interpretations of the environment and how to manage it emotionally, greater or lesser body satisfaction may be generated, which could have irreversible consequences for children. Therefore, our interest lies in how body image satisfaction and gender can act as modulating variables of emotional intelligence in childhood, analyzing differences in the intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and mood dimensions of emotional intelligence, according to the degree of body image satisfaction and the child’s gender. A total of 944 Primary Education students selected by multistage cluster sampling, 548 boys and 396 girls aged between 9 and 12 years from different schools in Extremadura (Spain), participated in the research. The study design was descriptive, and questionnaires to measure emotional intelligence, self-perception, and body image satisfaction were used. An analysis of descriptive statistics, a Chi-square test to measure the variance/invariance of the participants’ distribution according to their satisfaction with body image and gender, and a MANOVA to determine the possible effects of satisfaction with body image as well as of gender on emotional intelligence were conducted. Regardless of gender, children who were satisfied with their body image showed higher interpersonal intelligence, greater adaptability, and better mood. With respect to gender, girls showed higher stress management than boys. Throughout Compulsory Education, it is necessary to promote campaigns imparted by specialists to prevent body image dissatisfaction, so that the benefits can reach the entire educational community (students, teachers, and parents). In this work, several possibilities are described to meet the demands of contemporary society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

17 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shall We Dance? Dancing Modulates Executive Functions and Spatial Memory

by Carmen Noguera, Dolores Carmona, Adrián Rueda, Rubén Fernández and José Manuel Cimadevilla

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061960 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6687

Abstract

Background: Aging is generally considered to be related to physical and cognitive decline. This is especially prominent in the frontal and parietal lobes, underlying executive functions and spatial memory, respectively. This process could be successfully mitigated in certain ways, such as through the [...] Read more.

Background: Aging is generally considered to be related to physical and cognitive decline. This is especially prominent in the frontal and parietal lobes, underlying executive functions and spatial memory, respectively. This process could be successfully mitigated in certain ways, such as through the practice of aerobic sports. With regard to this, dancing integrates physical exercise with music and involves retrieval of complex sequences of steps and movements creating choreographies. Methods: In this study, we compared 26 non-professional salsa dancers (mean age 55.3 years, age-range 49–70 years) with 20 non-dancers (mean age 57.6 years, age-range 49–70 years) by assessing two variables: their executive functions and spatial memory performance. Results: results showed that dancers scored better that non-dancers in our tests, outperforming controls in executive functions-related tasks. Groups did not differ in spatial memory performance. Conclusions: This work suggests that dancing can be a valid way of slowing down the natural age-related cognitive decline. A major limitation of this study is the lack of fitness assessment in both groups. In addition, since dancing combines multiple factors like social contact, aerobic exercise, cognitive work with rhythms, and music, it is difficult to determine the weight of each variable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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11 pages, 382 KiB

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Mexican Validation of the Engagement and Disaffection in Physical Education Scale

by René Rodríguez-Medellín, Jorge Zamarripa, María Marentes-Castillo, Fernando Otero-Saborido, Raúl Baños and Raquel Morquecho-Sánchez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061821 - 11 Mar 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3348 | Correction

Abstract

To date, no instrument adapted and validated that measures engagement and disaffection in the physical education class has been found, which limits the generation of knowledge of this area in Mexico. The aims of this study were to translate and adapt the engagement [...] Read more.

To date, no instrument adapted and validated that measures engagement and disaffection in the physical education class has been found, which limits the generation of knowledge of this area in Mexico. The aims of this study were to translate and adapt the engagement and disaffection scale to the context of physical education in Mexico and to examine its reliability, structure (two and four factors), and factorial invariance by gender in Mexican fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school students. A total of 1470 students participated (50.6% boys) with ages between 10 and 14 years (mean (M) = 10.56; standard deviation (SD) = 0.77) from federal (89.3%) and state (10.7%) elementary schools. Two factorial structures were tested (with four factors and two factors). The fit indexes of both models were satisfactory, and the factorial saturations were significant. The differences between the fit indexes of both models were irrelevant; therefore, the two-factor model was considered more suitable. The total strict invariance by gender was confirmed, and the reliabilities of the engagement and disaffection scale were acceptable. The Mexican version of the course engagement and disaffection scale in physical education is valid and useful to measure these constructs in the context of physical education in Mexico. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

9 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Physical Activity Intervention on Physical Fitness of schoolchildren: The Enriched Sport Activity Program

by Ewan Thomas, Antonino Bianco, Garden Tabacchi, Carlos Marques da Silva, Nuno Loureiro, Michele Basile, Marcello Giaccone, David J. Sturm, Fatma Neşe Şahin, Özkan Güler, Manuel Gómez-López, Guillermo F. López Sánchez, Simona Pajaujiene, Ilona Judita Zuoziene, Ante Rada, Marianna Alesi and Antonio Palma

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051723 - 6 Mar 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5018

Abstract

Background: Physical fitness in youth is a predictor of health in adulthood. The main objective of the present study was to understand if an enriched sport activity program could increase physical fitness in a population of schoolchildren. Methods: In a sample of 672 [...] Read more.

Background: Physical fitness in youth is a predictor of health in adulthood. The main objective of the present study was to understand if an enriched sport activity program could increase physical fitness in a population of schoolchildren. Methods: In a sample of 672 children aged 10.0 ± 1.90 years, different motor skills were tested by the 1 kg and 3 kg ball throw (BT), the standing broad jump (SBJ), the 30 m sprint (30mS), the leger shuttle run (LSR), the illinois agility test (IGT), and the quadruped test (QT). Within the controlled-trial, the intervention group (ESA) underwent an additional warm-up protocol, which included cognitive enhancing elements, for 14 weeks while the control group continued with ordinary exercise activity. Results: A significant increase was present regarding the 1 kg and 3 kg BT, the SBJ, the 30mS, and the IGT, while no significant difference was shown regarding the QT and the LSR in the ESA group between pre and post intervention. In the control group, no differences were present for any test except for the QT and the LSR post-test. Conclusion: A 14-week structured physical intervention had moderate effects regarding throwing, jumping, sprinting, and agility in a sample of schoolchildren. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

9 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perfectionism Profiles and Anger Responses: The Relevant Role of Self-Esteem in Athletes of Professional Quarries

by Antonio Jesús Muñoz-Villena, Manuel Gómez-López and Juan González-Hernández

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041416 - 22 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4933

Abstract

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait characterized by effort and rigidity in setting high personal standards, accompanied by an excessive tendency toward critical assessments, which plays an important role in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. During adolescence, personality is built on a fundamental [...] Read more.

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait characterized by effort and rigidity in setting high personal standards, accompanied by an excessive tendency toward critical assessments, which plays an important role in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. During adolescence, personality is built on a fundamental pillar—self-esteem—which plays an important role in sports practice when it comes to achieving the best possible performance. Anger has an emotional component that, interpreted in an unadaptive way, interferes with sports performance. The aim of this study is to assess differences according to self-esteem and perfectionism indicators and anger expression and management in young athletes. The sample included 229 male athletes to the quarries of professional sports with ages between 13 and 17 years. They were administered the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Predictive analysis showed that low personal standards and high levels of organization (indicators of adaptive perfectionism) acted as predictors of state anger, while those showing high personal standards predicted high anger management in athletes with high self-esteem. High personal standards predicted lower indicators of trait anger in athletes with low self-esteem. The results revealed the influence of high self-esteem as a protective factor in the predictive relationship among anger traits and personal standards. The study describes the relationship of these variables in the belongings of young male footballers (under high sport pressure), showing the need to take care of the athletes’ self-esteem in sport environments through prevention programs that include psychological and social resources training systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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14 pages, 1576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experience as a Determinant of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in School Football

by Juan M. García-Ceberino, María G. Gamero, Sebastián Feu and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031063 - 7 Feb 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5214

Abstract

The study of declarative and procedural knowledge makes it possible to ascertain what cognitive processes are like during motor learning. This study aimed to compare, according to the methodology, gender and experience (football practise), and the levels of declarative and procedural knowledge after [...] Read more.

The study of declarative and procedural knowledge makes it possible to ascertain what cognitive processes are like during motor learning. This study aimed to compare, according to the methodology, gender and experience (football practise), and the levels of declarative and procedural knowledge after the implementation of two intervention programmes on school football including one based on the tactics learning and the other on the technique learning. A total of 41 students in the 5th year of primary education from a state school from Spain, distributed in two class groups, participated in the study. Each class group participated in a different intervention programme. The sample of subjects was equal (tactical programme (n = 20) and technical programme (n = 21)). A panel of 13 experts validated both programmes. Levels of knowledge were measured using the Tactical Knowledge Assessment test in football. A descriptive analysis was performed to characterise the sample. Moreover, a t-test for independent samples, a t-test for related samples, and a 2 × 2 ANOVA (analysis of variance) were performed to compare the levels of knowledge between the pre-test and the post-test, according to the methodology, gender, and experience of the students. Results indicate that both intervention programmes induced higher levels of declarative and procedural knowledge in the post-test. Similarly, there were no significant differences with regard to the applied methodology. This fact is due to the heterogeneous character of the class groups with gender and experience showing effects on the levels of knowledge. The boys possessed greater experience and a higher level of knowledge compared to the girls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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12 pages, 357 KiB

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Functional Ability, Frailty and Risk of Falls in the Elderly: Relations with Autonomy in Daily Living

by Inmaculada Tornero-Quiñones, Jesús Sáez-Padilla, Alejandro Espina Díaz, Manuel Tomás Abad Robles and Ángela Sierra Robles

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031006 - 5 Feb 2020

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 12277

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine the differences in autonomy in both basic activities of daily life in instrumental activities of daily life, as well as functional capacity, fragility and risk of falls between an active group and a sedentary group. [...] Read more.

The objective of this research was to determine the differences in autonomy in both basic activities of daily life in instrumental activities of daily life, as well as functional capacity, fragility and risk of falls between an active group and a sedentary group. The individual associations of functional capacity, fragility and risk of falls were also analyzed, with autonomy in basic activities of daily living and in instrumental activities of daily living in the active group. In this cross-sectional investigation, 139 people from Huelva between 65 and 87 years of age were evaluated (Mean (M) = 73.1; standard deviation (SD) = 5.86); 100 were women and 39 men. The active and sedentary group were composed of 69 and 70 elderly people, respectively. The active group carried out a physical activity program. Among the results, a significant effect was seen in the multivariate contrast of the study variables, V = 0.24, F (5, 137) = 8.58, and p < 0.001; while in the linear regressions in the active group, the Vivifrail with the Barthel Index (Δ Adj. R² = 0.15) and with the Lawton and Brody Scale (Δ Adj. R² = 0.22) were used. In conclusion, the active group presented better values in all the variables evaluated in comparison to the sedentary group, establishing statistically significant differences. In addition, in the active group, it has been found that functional capacity is a significant predictive variable of autonomy in instrumental activities of daily living (22%), while fragility and the risk of falls are significant predictors of autonomy in activities of basic daily life (15%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

16 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sport Education and Sportsmanship Orientations: An Intervention in High School Students

by Rafael Burgueño and Jesús Medina-Casaubón

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030837 - 29 Jan 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5960

Abstract

One of the main goals for physical education is to develop the students’ moral and ethical domain, where sportsmanship promotion is considered a key curricular component to tackle the achievement of this goal. This research aims to examine the influence of sport education [...] Read more.

One of the main goals for physical education is to develop the students’ moral and ethical domain, where sportsmanship promotion is considered a key curricular component to tackle the achievement of this goal. This research aims to examine the influence of sport education on sportsmanship orientations in high school students. The participants were 148 (52.70% female; M_age = 17.04, SD_age = 0.99) high school students who were randomized into an experimental group (n = 74), which received 16 basketball lessons under sport education conditions, and a control group (n = 74), which received 16 basketball lessons following a traditional teaching approach. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures on sportsmanship orientations were collected in both groups. A 2 (time: pre-test and post-test) x 2 (group: Sport Education and Traditional Teaching) multivariate analysis of variance test was performed on the five sportsmanship orientations. The results showed, for time x group interactions, the absence of significant multivariate effects in the level of the five sportsmanship orientations among both groups at pre-test (Pillai’s trace = 0.06, p = 0.145). At post-test, significant multivariate effects were found in the level of each sportsmanship orientation between both groups in favor of the Sport Education group (Pillai’s trace = 0.38, p < 0.001). Furthermore, regarding within-group pre-test to post-test differences, while there were nonsignificant multivariate effects (Pillai’s trace = 0.03, p = 0.469) for the Traditional Teaching group; significant multivariate effects (Pillai’s trace = 0.43, p < 0.001) were found for the Sport Education group, showing an increase in the level of respect for social conventions, respect for rules and referees, and full commitment and respect for opponents. There were also nonsignificant effects across gender (inter-group analysis: Pillai’s trace = 0.08, p = 0.068; time x gender interaction: Pillai’s trace = 0.03, p = 0.497) and after-school sports (inter-group analysis: Pillai’s trace = 0.02, p = 0.776; time x after-school interaction: Pillai’s trace = 0.01, p = 0.981). In conclusion, sport education is an effective pedagogical model to be taken into consideration by physical education teachers in order to optimally promote the high school student’s moral and ethical education via the development of sportsmanship orientations in the context of school physical education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

14 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Physical Activity Intentions in Physical Education Context: A Multi-Level Analysis from the Self-Determination Theory

by David Sánchez-Oliva, Athanasios Mouratidis, Francisco M. Leo, José L. Chamorro, Juan J. Pulido and Tomás García-Calvo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030799 - 28 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4236

Abstract

Using self-determination theory as a framework, we aimed to study the relationships between perceived need support and need satisfaction with self-determined motivation and extracurricular physical activity intentions in the physical education (PE) classroom, including sex and out-of-school sport participation as moderators. Additionally, we [...] Read more.

Using self-determination theory as a framework, we aimed to study the relationships between perceived need support and need satisfaction with self-determined motivation and extracurricular physical activity intentions in the physical education (PE) classroom, including sex and out-of-school sport participation as moderators. Additionally, we aimed to test whether a need-supportive classroom environment in PE moderates these associations. Participants were 1259 students (556 males) aged between 12 to 16 years (Mage = 13.46 years; SD = 0.74) from 77 PE classes. At the student level we found (a) need satisfaction to predict positively autonomous motivation and negatively amotivation, and (b) autonomous motivation to predict positively and amotivation to predict negatively intentions to undertake extracurricular physical activities. At the classroom level, in need-supportive classes males benefit more than females in terms of increased autonomous motivation while females benefit more than males in terms of decreased amotivation. Finally, class-level perceived need support moderated (i.e., attenuated) the negative association between need satisfaction and amotivation and between amotivation and intentions. These results suggest a buffering role that a need-supportive classroom environment may have on students’ motivation and behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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11 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Scale of Basic Psychological Needs towards Physical Exercise, with the Inclusion of Novelty

by Ruben Trigueros, Joaquín F. Álvarez, Adolfo J. Cangas, José M. Aguilar-Parra, Cristina Méndez-Aguado, Patricia Rocamora and Remedios López-Liria

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020619 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3756

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to validate and adapt to the Spanish context of Physical Education, the Spanish version of the Scale of Basic Psychological Needs in the context of physical exercise, with the incorporation of novelty to the scale. The sample [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to validate and adapt to the Spanish context of Physical Education, the Spanish version of the Scale of Basic Psychological Needs in the context of physical exercise, with the incorporation of novelty to the scale. The sample that took part in the study was 2372 people from 16 to 48 years old from the province of Almeria. In order to analyze the psychometric properties of the scale, several analyses have been carried out. The results have offered support both for the eight-factor structure and for the higher-order double model where the eight subscales are joined into two constructs called frustration and satisfaction. The structure of both models was invariant with respect to gender and age. Cronbach’s alpha values were above 0.70 in the subscales and scales; and adequate levels of temporal stability. In addition, the subfactors pertaining to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs positively predicted the intrinsic motivation for physical activity, while each of the subfactors of the frustration of psychological needs predicted it negatively. The results of this study provide evidence of the reliability and validity of the BPNS in the Spanish context of physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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13 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Modification of the Number of Players, the Size of the Goal, and the Size of the Field in Competition on the Play Actions in U-12 Male Football

by Antonio García-Angulo, José Manuel Palao, José María Giménez-Egido, Francisco Javier García-Angulo and Enrique Ortega-Toro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020518 - 14 Jan 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3935

Abstract

A player’s sports development involves a long process. The modification of rules for youth players seeks to adapt the sport to the child and his/her development. The manipulation of rules affects the technical and tactical skills demonstrated by players and, therefore, their development. [...] Read more.

A player’s sports development involves a long process. The modification of rules for youth players seeks to adapt the sport to the child and his/her development. The manipulation of rules affects the technical and tactical skills demonstrated by players and, therefore, their development. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of a reduction in the number of players (from 8 per team to 5 per team), the size of the goal (from 6 × 2 m to 3 × 2 m) and the playing space (from 58 × 38 m to 38 × 20 m), on the technical and tactical actions in youth football players. A quasi-experimental A-B-A design was implemented to assess the effect of the rule changes. The players (n = 40) played three tournaments using two competition formats (official rules, modified rules, and official rules). The results show that the use of the modified rules generated a greater number and variability in the technical–tactical actions, a greater number of actions with teammates in the pass line, a greater continuity in the game, a greater number of attack and defence actions in areas close to the goal, and favours team play. The experimental format fits the players’ individual progression better (U-12) as well as the players’ and teams’ collective development, and it will allow players to evolve from the individual development of previous stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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13 pages, 1467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Teaching Games on Decision Making and Skill Execution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Manuel Tomás Abad Robles, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Carlos Fernández-Espínola, Estefanía Castillo Viera and Francisco Javier Giménez Fuentes-Guerra

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020505 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6730

Abstract

The question of how games should be taught is still a controversial subject. There has been a growing number of studies on teaching games and coaching sports since the first publication of Bunker and Thorpe on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). In this [...] Read more.

The question of how games should be taught is still a controversial subject. There has been a growing number of studies on teaching games and coaching sports since the first publication of Bunker and Thorpe on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). In this sense, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of technical and tactical approach interventions on skill execution and decision making, and to examine the influence of the teacher/coach management style. A systematic literature search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, and SportDiscus electronic databases. A total of seven and six studies were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria for decision making and skill execution, respectively. Meta-analysis results showed that tactical interventions achieved significant improvements in decision making (effect size = 0.89 with 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.12 to 1.65), but they did not show significant improvements in skill execution (effect size = 0.89 with 95% CI from −0.45 to 2.23) compared to technical approaches. However, the heterogeneity of interventions was large and the quality of evidence was low according to GRADE. In conclusion, tactical approaches are recommended to teach games and sports in order to develop technique, understanding, tactical knowledge, and decision making, which are demanded in game play. These findings could be useful for teachers and coaches to improve these aspects of their players and students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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14 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Academic Effects of the Use of Flipped Learning in Physical Education

by Francisco Javier Hinojo Lucena, Jesús López Belmonte, Arturo Fuentes Cabrera, Juan Manuel Trujillo Torres and Santiago Pozo Sánchez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010276 - 31 Dec 2019

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 11232

Abstract

The technological characteristics of today’s society have favored the inclusion of information and communication technology (ICT) and the emergence of new training methodologies in educational spaces. This study addresses flipped learning as an innovative approach in the teaching and learning processes of physical [...] Read more.

The technological characteristics of today’s society have favored the inclusion of information and communication technology (ICT) and the emergence of new training methodologies in educational spaces. This study addresses flipped learning as an innovative approach in the teaching and learning processes of physical education at two educational stages, primary and secondary education. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of flipped learning with respect to traditional methodology. A descriptive and correlational experimental research design was used through a quantitative perspective. Two study groups were established, one control (traditional methodology) and one experimental (flipped learning) in each educational stage. A total of 119 students from an educational center in Ceuta (Spain) participated. These participants were chosen intentionally. The data were collected through a questionnaire. The results show that the experimental group obtained better evaluations in the academic indicators, highlighting the motivation, autonomy, and interactions between the different agents. Regarding the effectiveness of flipped learning according to the educational stage, its potential was demonstrated in both stages, highlighting a significant improvement in autonomy in secondary education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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12 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Characteristics of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in the Context of Physical Activity in Nature

by Julio Fuentesal-García, Antonio Baena-Extremera and Jesús Sáez-Padilla

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 4880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244880 - 4 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3546

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale applied to different contexts for initial or original use, such as in the context of physical activity in nature. In order to do this, we carried [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale applied to different contexts for initial or original use, such as in the context of physical activity in nature. In order to do this, we carried out a study at some primary and secondary schools located in western Andalucía (Spain), with students aged 9–12 years old (M = 11.22; SD = 1.07). Therefore, a sample of 206 students in Study 1 (98 boys = 47.8%; 107 girls = 52.2%) and 455 students in Study 2 (228 boys = 50.1% 227 girls = 49.9%) was used. The students of the two groups that belong to the study created a program related to Physical Activity in Nature. Descriptive, exploratory, and confirmatory analyses were conducted. We also analyzed several other factors, such as internal consistency, composite reliability, average extracted variance, and convergent validity. Afterward, differences according to gender and school year were also studied. The data showed the need to eliminate many of the items from the original scale, giving, as a result, a model of six items that satisfactorily fit into the confirmatory analysis for the use of physical activity in nature. The ANOVA statistical test, used to analyze sex and school year, did not show any tangible differences between the target groups. Thanks to its application, we note that the PACES instrument cannot be applied as-is; some items must be removed or modified. Therefore, we must obtain a new, more specific instrument for these types of incipient practices undertaken in natural environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

15 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Motivation, Basic Psychological Needs, and Teaching Competence on Disruptive Behaviours in Secondary School Physical Education Students

by Antonio Granero-Gallegos, Pedro Jesús Ruiz-Montero, Antonio Baena-Extremera and Marina Martínez-Molina

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234828 - 1 Dec 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6003

Abstract

Currently, disruptive and aggressive behaviours of a physical and verbal nature are a reality among adolescent students and a concern in the educational context. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to analyse the effects of perceived teaching competence, motivation and basic [...] Read more.

Currently, disruptive and aggressive behaviours of a physical and verbal nature are a reality among adolescent students and a concern in the educational context. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to analyse the effects of perceived teaching competence, motivation and basic psychological needs on disruptive behaviours in secondary school PE students. The sample was composed of 758 adolescent students from seven public secondary schools. The following instruments adapted to physical education were used: The Disruptive Behaviours Questionnaire, The Evaluation of Teaching Competencies Scale, The Sport Motivation Scale, and The Basic Psychological Needs Scale. Multilevel regression models with the MIXED procedure were performed for data analysis. The results show that misbehaviour is more likely among male students and that disruptive behaviours decrease when a teacher is perceived as competent. Students with greater self-determined motivation are more likely to exhibit fewer behaviours related to low engagement and irresponsibility while amotivation increases the different disruptive behaviours in the classroom. In conclusion, it is proposed that educators work in line with the students’ needs by responding to their interests and that this will increase self-determined motivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

11 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dark Side of the Self-Determination Theory and Its Influence on the Emotional and Cognitive Processes of Students in Physical Education

by Rubén Trigueros, José M. Aguilar-Parra, Remedios López-Liria and Patricia Rocamora

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224444 - 12 Nov 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5580

Abstract

Amongst the main objectives of physical education (PE) classes is the consolidation of healthy lifestyle habits in young people and adolescents. Nonetheless, these classes can also provide the basis from which adverse experiences are generated which affect students’ perceptions of these classes. Previously [...] Read more.

Amongst the main objectives of physical education (PE) classes is the consolidation of healthy lifestyle habits in young people and adolescents. Nonetheless, these classes can also provide the basis from which adverse experiences are generated which affect students’ perceptions of these classes. Previously conducted studies have focused on motivational processes and not on emotional processes, nor on the way in which students learn. The objective of the present study was to explore the dark side of the self-determination theory, its influence on emotional intelligence and the meta-cognitive strategies of students. Methodology: A total of 1602 young people undertaking secondary education participated, with self-reported ages between 13 and 19 years. The following questionnaires were utilized: Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale, Frustration of Psychological Needs in PE classes Scale, Emotional Intelligence in PE Scale and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. A structural equation model was developed which explained causal associations between the study variables. Results: Psychological control positively predicted each one of the sub-factors of frustration of psychological needs. Frustration of psychological needs negatively predicted emotional intelligence. Finally, emotional intelligence positively predicted meta-cognitive thinking. Conclusions: The influence and importance of the teaching style adopted by teachers is indicated, in addition to the effect of students’ psychological experiences on emotions and learning strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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Review

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21 pages, 1568 KiB

Open AccessReview

HRV-Based Training for Improving VO_2max in Endurance Athletes. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Antonio Granero-Gallegos, Alberto González-Quílez, Daniel Plews and María Carrasco-Poyatos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7999; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217999 - 30 Oct 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 14115

Abstract

This review aimed to synthesize evidence regarding interventions based on heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training for VO_2max improvements in endurance athletes and address the issues that impact this performance enhancement. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, [...] Read more.

This review aimed to synthesize evidence regarding interventions based on heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training for VO_2max improvements in endurance athletes and address the issues that impact this performance enhancement. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, the Web of Science Core Collection, Global Health, Current Contents Connect, and the SciELO citation index were searched. Inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trials; studies with trained athletes enrolled in any regular endurance training; studies that recruited men, women, and both sexes combined; studies on endurance training controlled by HRV; studies that measured performance with VO_2max. A random-effects meta-analysis calculating the effect size (ES) was used. Moderator analyses (according to the athlete’s level and gender) and metaregression (according to the number of participants in each group) were undertaken to examine differences in ES. HRV-guided training and control training enhanced the athletes’ VO_2max (p < 0.0001), but the ES for the HRV-guided training group was significantly higher (p < 0.0001; ES_HRVG-CG = 0.187). The amateur level and female subgroup reported better and significant results (p < 0.0001) for VO_2max. HRV-guided training had a small (ES = 0.402) but positive effect on endurance athlete performance (VO_2max), conditioned by the athlete’s level and sex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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25 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment in the Supine-To-Stand Task and Functional Health from Youth to Old Age: A Systematic Review

by Maria Teresa Cattuzzo, Frederico Santos de Santana, Marisete Peralta Safons, Alessandro Hervaldo Nicolai Ré, Danielle Rene Nesbitt, Ariane Brito Diniz Santos, Anderson Henry Pereira Feitoza and David Franklin Stodden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5794; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165794 - 10 Aug 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3674

Abstract

Performance in the supine-to-stand (STS) task is an important functional and health marker throughout life, but the evaluation methods and some correlates can impact it. This article aims to examine the studies that assessed the performance of the STS task of young people, [...] Read more.

Performance in the supine-to-stand (STS) task is an important functional and health marker throughout life, but the evaluation methods and some correlates can impact it. This article aims to examine the studies that assessed the performance of the STS task of young people, adults and the elderly. Evidence of the association between the STS task and body weight status, musculoskeletal fitness and physical activity was investigated, and a general protocol was proposed. MEDLINE/Pubmed and Web of Science databases were accessed for searching studies measuring the STS task directly; identification, objective, design, sample, protocols and results data were extracted; the risk of bias was assessed (PROSPERO CRD42017055693). From 13,155 studies, 37 were included, and all demonstrated a low to moderate risk of bias. The STS task was applied in all world, but the protocols varied across studies, and they lacked detail; robust evidence demonstrating the association between STS task and musculoskeletal fitness was found; there was limited research examining body weight status, physical activity and the STS task performance. In conclusion, the STS task seems to be a universal tool to track motor functional competence and musculoskeletal fitness throughout life for clinical or research purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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14 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Decision Training, from a Cognitive Perspective, on Decision-Making in Volleyball: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Manuel Conejero Suárez, Antonio Luiz Prado Serenini, Carmen Fernández-Echeverría, Daniel Collado-Mateo and M. Perla Moreno Arroyo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103628 - 21 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5573

Abstract

Over the past few decades there has been great interest in the study of cognitive processes, and specifically decision-making, from a cognitive perspective. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the scientific literature on the effect of decision training interventions/programs, [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades there has been great interest in the study of cognitive processes, and specifically decision-making, from a cognitive perspective. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the scientific literature on the effect of decision training interventions/programs, from a cognitive perspective, on the decision-making of volleyball players. The systematic search was carried out in five scientific electronic databases according to PRISMA guidelines Web of Science (WOS), Pubmed (Medline), Scopus, SportDiscus and Google Scholar. A total of eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The main finding of the meta-analysis was that the use of decision-making training programs/interventions led to significant improvements in volleyball players’ decision-making (Standardized mean difference = 0.94 with 95% confidence interval from 0.63 to 1.25), compared to normal active volleyball training. In addition, the heterogeneity of the interventions was low (I² = 0%). From the results of the studies analyzed, we recommend using decisional interventions or training, both as part of normal active training or complementary to it, to improve the decision-making of the players, thus optimizing their ability to perceive and process relevant stimuli, and then generate quick and effective responses. These findings can be useful in the process of sports training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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Other

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12 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

HRV-Guided Training for Professional Endurance Athletes: A Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

by María Carrasco-Poyatos, Alberto González-Quílez, Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro and Antonio Granero-Gallegos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155465 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6093

Abstract

Physiological training responses depend on sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) balance. This activity can be measured using heart rate variability (HRV). Such a measurement method can favor individualized training planning to improve athletes’ performance. Recently, HRV-guided training has been implemented both [...] Read more.

Physiological training responses depend on sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) balance. This activity can be measured using heart rate variability (HRV). Such a measurement method can favor individualized training planning to improve athletes’ performance. Recently, HRV-guided training has been implemented both on professional and amateur sportsmen and sportswomen with varied results. There is a dearth of studies involving professional endurance athletes following a defined HRV-guided training protocol. The objectives of the proposed protocol are: (i) to determine changes in the performance of high-level athletes after following an HRV-guided or a traditional training period and (ii) to determine differences in the athletes’ performance after following both training protocols. This will be a 12-week cluster-randomized controlled protocol in which professional athletes will be assigned to an HRV-based training group (HRV-G) or a traditional-based training group (TRAD-G). TRAD-G will train according to a predefined training program. HRV-G training will depend on the athletes’ daily HRV. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) attained in an incremental treadmill test will be considered as the primary outcome. It is expected that this HRV-guided training protocol will improve functional performance in the high-level athletes, achieving better results than a traditional training method, and thus providing a good strategy for coaches of high-level athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Physical Education and Sport)

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