Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Study Variables
2.5. Quality Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Studies
3.2. Relationship between Binary SHS Exposure and Depressive Symptoms
3.3. Relationship between SHS Exposure Expressed as a Continuous Variable and Depressive Symptoms
3.4. Relationship between SHS Exposure Expressed as Ordinal Variables and Depressive Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Location | Design | Outcome Diagnosis | SHS Diagnosis | n | OR (95% CI) | Quality Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nakata-2008 | Asia | CS | scale | BT | 2770 | 1.75 (1.20–2.30) | 6 |
Bandiera-2010 | USA | CS | scale | BT | 2965 | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 6 |
Bandiera-2011 | USA | CS | scale | BT | 2901 | 1.25 (1.06–1.46) | 7 |
Tan-2011 | USA | CS | scale | SR | 929 | 2.50 (1.20–5.20) | 6 |
Michal-2013 | Europe | CS | scale | SR | 5000 | 1.12 (0.75–1.49) | 6 |
Lee-2014 | Asia | CS | unstructured question | SR | 75,643 | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | 8 |
Taha-2014 | USA | CS | scale | SR | 2101 | 1.70 (1.10–2.50) | 8 |
Elmasry-2014 | USA | cohort | scale | SR | 178 | 1.69 (0.73–3.93) | 6 |
Jung-2015 | Asia | CS | unstructured question | SR | 34,693 | 1.13 (0.92–1.33) | 7 |
Kim-2015 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 1201 | 1.70 (1.23–2.36) | 7 |
Khan-2015 | USA | CS | unstructured question | SR | 6884 | 1.49 (1.23–1.80) | 6 |
Ye-2015 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 1280 | 2.04 (1.48–2.79) | 8 |
Bauer-2015 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 2441 | 2.00 (0.60–6.80) | 6 |
Leung-2015 | Asia | cohort | scale | SR | 7914 | 1.48 (0.98–2.23) | 7 |
Kelishadi-2015 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 13,486 | 1.37 (1.24–1.51) | 7 |
Weng-2016 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 3867 | 1.76 (1.47–2.11) | 6 |
Kim-2016a | Asia | CS | unstructured question | SR | 123,665 | 1.25 (1.16–1.33) | 8 |
Kim-2016b | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 989 | 1.22 (1.02–1.47) | 8 |
Bang-2017 | Asia | CS | unstructured question | BT | 62,708 | 1.34 (1.29–1.40) | 7 |
Park-2017 | Asia | CS | unstructured question | SR | 56,840 | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | 7 |
Huang-2017 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 2176 | 2.22 (1.12–4.39) | 8 |
Kawasaki-2017 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 1745 | 1.27 (1.04–1.54) | 7 |
Huang-2018 | Asia | CS | scale | SR | 3575 | 1.79 (1.54–2.08) | 7 |
Patten-2018 | USA | CS | scale | SR | 184,305 | 1.70 (1.50–6.80) | 7 |
Subgroups | No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | Statistical Method | p-Value for Heterogeneity b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All studies | 24 | 1.32 (1.25–1.39) | random | ||
Location | Asia | 16 | 1.33 (1.26–1.40) | random | 0.539 |
USA | 7 | 1.30 (1.09–1.51) | random | ||
Europe | 1 | 1.12 (0.75–1.49) | fixed | ||
Study design | cross-sectional | 22 | 1.32 (1.25–1.39) | random | 0.524 |
cohort | 2 | 1.51 (0.93–2.09) | fixed | ||
SHS diagnosis | self-report | 22 | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) | random | <0.001 |
biological test | 2 | 1.11 (1.04–1.17) | fixed | ||
Outcome diagnosis | psychological scale | 18 | 1.45 (1.29–1.61) | random | 0.037 |
unstructured question | 6 | 1.27 (1.21–1.32) | random | ||
Types of psychological scales | CES-D | 6 | 1.67 (1.35–1.99) | random | <0.001 |
PHQ-9 | 3 | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | fixed | ||
BDI | 3 | 1.30 (1.09–1.51) | fixed | ||
Others a | 12 | 1.29 (1.24–1.35) | random | ||
Sample size | >500 | 23 | 1.32 (1.25–1.39) | random | 0.651 |
≤500 | 1 | 1.69 (0.73–3.93) | fixed | ||
Excluding smokers | Yes | 16 | 1.33 (1.23–1.42) | random | 0.183 |
No | 8 | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) | random | ||
Age group | adolescent | 9 | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) | random | 0.394 |
adult | 14 | 1.38 (1.23–1.52) | random | ||
Sex group | female | 14 | 1.28 (1.20–1.35) | random | 0.370 |
male | 6 | 1.24 (1.20–1.29) | fixed | ||
SHS source | home | 18 | 1.30 (1.24–1.35) | random | 0.426 |
workplace | 5 | 1.53 (1.03–2.02) | random | ||
public place | 3 | 1.44 (1.26–1.63) | fixed | ||
campus | 2 | 1.32 (1.25–1.38) | random | ||
Adjustment for social support | |||||
yes | 3 | 1.84 (1.59–2.08) | fixed | <0.001 | |
no | 21 | 1.28 (1.22–1.34) | random | ||
Adjustment for negative life events | |||||
yes | 6 | 1.67 (1.31–2.04) | random | 0.040 | |
no | 18 | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | random | ||
Adjustment for disease history | |||||
yes | 11 | 1.37 (1.24–1.49) | random | 0.070 | |
no | 13 | 1.25 (1.22–1.29) | fixed |
Author | SHS Source | SHS Frequency (Hours/Day) | Midpoint Frequency (Hours/Day) a | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jung-2015 (male) | workplace | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
<1 | 0.5 | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) | ||
≥1 | 1.2 | 1.23 (0.97–1.54) | ||
Jung-2015 (female) | workplace | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
<1 | 0.5 | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | ||
≥1 | 1.2 | 1.32 (1.06–1.64) | ||
Jung-2015 (male) | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
<1 | 0.5 | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) | ||
≥1 | 1.2 | 1.21 (0.69–2.13) | ||
Jung-2015 (female) | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
<1 | 0.5 | 1.18 (1.02–1.35) | ||
≥1 | 1.2 | 1.71 (1.34–2.18) | ||
Kim-2016 (male) | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
<1 | 0.5 | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | ||
1–2.9 | 2.0 | 2.01 (1.04–3.86) | ||
≥3 | 3.6 | 1.87 (1.43–2.44) | ||
Kim-2016 (female) | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
<1 | 0.5 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | ||
1–2.9 | 2.0 | 1.37 (1.07–1.75) | ||
≥3 | 3.6 | 1.56 (1.42–1.72) |
Author | SHS Source | SHS Frequency (Days/Week) | Midpoint Frequency (Days/Week) a | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lee-2015 | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–4 | 2.5 | 1.22 (1.17–1.27) | ||
≥5 | 6.0 | 1.36 (1.29–1.43) | ||
Ye-2015 | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 2.0 | 2.12 (1.41–3.21) | ||
4–7 | 5.5 | 2.53 (1.70–3.78) | ||
Ye-2015 | workplace | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 2.0 | 2.08 (1.25–3.45) | ||
4–7 | 5.5 | 2.58 (1.16–3.73) | ||
Huang-2017 | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 2.0 | 1.73 (0.66–4.49) | ||
4–7 | 5.5 | 2.36 (1.09–5.13) | ||
Huang-2017 | workplace | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 2.0 | 1.42 (0.31–6.54) | ||
4–7 | 5.5 | 3.19 (1.17–8.74) | ||
Huang-2018 | public place | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–4 | 2.5 | 1.28 (1.06–1.53) | ||
5–7 | 6.0 | 1.66 (1.30–2.10) | ||
Huang-2018 | home | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–4 | 2.5 | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | ||
5–7 | 6.0 | 1.50 (1.22–1.85) | ||
Huang-2018 | indoor campus | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–4 | 2.5 | 1.36 (1.08–1.71) | ||
5–7 | 6.0 | 2.13 (1.56–2.91) | ||
Huang-2018 | outdoor campus | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
1–4 | 2.5 | 1.37 (1.11–1.68) | ||
5–7 | 6.0 | 1.83 (1.38–2.44) |
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Share and Cite
Han, C.; Liu, Y.; Gong, X.; Ye, X.; Zhou, J. Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081356
Han C, Liu Y, Gong X, Ye X, Zhou J. Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(8):1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081356
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Changlin, Yangqun Liu, Xiao Gong, Xiaohua Ye, and Junli Zhou. 2019. "Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8: 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081356