Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate-Activated Porous Graphitic Biochar: Ambient Condition Influences and Adsorption Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of Porous Graphitic Biochar
2.3. Characterization
2.4. Adsorption Experiments
2.5. Regeneration Experiments
3. Results
3.1. Material Characterization
3.2. Diclofenac Sodium (DCF) Adsorption and Ambient Condition Influences
3.2.1. The Effect of Absorbent Dosage
3.2.2. Equilibrium Study and Kinetic Models
3.2.3. Effect of DCF Initial Concentration
3.2.4. Adsorption Isotherm
3.2.5. Thermodynamic Parameters
3.2.6. Effect of Ionic Strength
3.2.7. Comparison with Other Adsorbents
3.3. Possible Adsorption Mechanism
3.4. Reusability and Regeneration
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pseudo First-Order | Pseudo Second-Order | Elovich | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k1 (min−1) | qe,cal (mg·g−1) | R2 | k2 (g·mg−1 min−1) | qe,cal (mg·g−1) | R2 | α (mg·g−1 min−1) | β (g·mg−1) | R2 |
0.212 | 59.34 | 0.977 | 0.011 | 92.5 | 0.997 | 473.89 | 0.0731 | 0.994 |
First Part | Second Part | Third Part | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kid1 (mg·g−1 min−1/2) | C1 (mg/g) | R2 | Kid2 (mg·g−1 min−1/2) | C2 (mg·g−1) | R2 | Kid3 (mg·g−1 min−1/2) | C3 (mg·g−1) | R2 |
35.17 | 11.72 | 0.978 | 11.19 | 44.78 | 0.968 | 4.18 | 70.31 | 0.966 |
Langmuir Isotherm | Freundlich Isotherm | Temkin Isotherm | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KL (L·mg−1) | qmax (mg·g−1) | R2 | n | KF (mg·g−1) | R2 | AT (L·g−1) | bT | B (J·mol−1) | R2 |
0.236 | 123.45 | 0.9689 | 2.366 | 31.992 | 0.9681 | 2.429 | 92.326 | 26.835 | 0.945 |
T (K) | lnKo | ΔG° (kJ mol−1) | ΔH° (kJ mol−1) | ΔS° (J K−1 mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
298 | 1.14 | −2.83 | 4.17 | 0.023 |
308 | 1.17 | −3.01 | - | - |
318 | 1.25 | −3.30 | - | - |
Adsorbents | Adsorption Capacity qmax (mg·g−1) | References |
---|---|---|
Fe@BC | 123.5 | This study |
Coca shell | 63.5 | [65] |
Carbon xerogels | 80.0 | [66] |
Activated carbon (Commercial) | 76.0 | [67] |
Activated hydro chars from orange peels | 52.2 | [68] |
Activated carbon | 36.2 | [69] |
Activated carbon from olive-waste cakes | 56.2 | [70] |
Granular carbon nanotubes | 27.0 | [71] |
Tea waste derived activated carbon | 62.5 | [72] |
Coconut shell activated carbon | 103.0 | [73] |
Activated carbon from potato peel waste | 68.5 | [74] |
Cyclamen persicum (herbaceous plant) | 22.2 | [75] |
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Thi Minh Tam, N.; Liu, Y.; Bashir, H.; Yin, Z.; He, Y.; Zhou, X. Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate-Activated Porous Graphitic Biochar: Ambient Condition Influences and Adsorption Mechanism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010291
Thi Minh Tam N, Liu Y, Bashir H, Yin Z, He Y, Zhou X. Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate-Activated Porous Graphitic Biochar: Ambient Condition Influences and Adsorption Mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010291
Chicago/Turabian StyleThi Minh Tam, Nguyen, Yunguo Liu, Hassan Bashir, Zhihong Yin, Yuan He, and Xudong Zhou. 2020. "Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate-Activated Porous Graphitic Biochar: Ambient Condition Influences and Adsorption Mechanism" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010291