Effect of Land Use Conversion on Surface Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in a Typical Karst Plateau Lakeshore Wetland of Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Assessment of Soil Contamination
2.3.1. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination
2.3.2. Assessment of the Potential Ecological Risk
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Heavy Metal Contents in Surface Soil of Different Land Use Types
3.2. Assessment of Ecological Risks in Different Land Use Types
3.3. Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Different Land Use Types
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Land Use Types on Heavy Metal Concentration in Surface Soil
4.2. Response of Ecological Risk in Surface Soil to Land Use Types
4.3. Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Different Land Use Types
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ecological Risk Level of Single-Factor Pollution | RI | General Level of Potential Ecological Risk | |
---|---|---|---|
low | RI < 150 | low | |
moderate | 150 ≤ RI < 300 | moderate | |
considerable | 300 ≤ RI <600 | considerable | |
high | RI ≥ 600 | very high | |
320 | very high |
Land Use Types | Heavy Metals | Sample Size | Heavy Metal Contents (mg/kg) | Standard Deviation | Variable Coefficient (%) | Background Value (mg/kg) [23] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min | Max | ||||||
farmland | Cr | 40 | 103.175 | 70.667 | 173.667 | 19.857 | 19.246 | 95.900 |
Cu | 40 | 13.217 | 9.333 | 20.000 | 2.627 | 19.880 | 32.000 | |
Zn | 40 | 133.158 | 90.333 | 205.333 | 27.622 | 20.744 | 99.500 | |
As | 40 | 29.911 | 17.733 | 51.300 | 10.118 | 33.828 | 20.000 | |
Hg | 40 | 0.074 | 0.061 | 0.095 | 0.009 | 12.176 | 0.110 | |
Pb | 40 | 49.081 | 19.833 | 73.000 | 8.786 | 17.900 | 35.200 | |
Cd | 40 | 0.581 | 0.402 | 0.88 | 0.136 | 23.355 | 0.659 | |
grassland | Cr | 44 | 109.371 | 74.333 | 171.000 | 17.916 | 16.381 | 95.500 |
Cu | 44 | 13.932 | 10.000 | 26.667 | 3.502 | 25.139 | 32.000 | |
Zn | 44 | 139.197 | 100.667 | 205.667 | 26.589 | 19.101 | 99.500 | |
As | 44 | 32.573 | 18.467 | 68.733 | 11.913 | 36.573 | 20.000 | |
Hg | 44 | 0.075 | 0.055 | 0.105 | 0.011 | 14.674 | 0.110 | |
Pb | 44 | 48.239 | 15.733 | 62.567 | 7.522 | 15.593 | 35.200 | |
Cd | 44 | 0.697 | 0.547 | 0.851 | 0.103 | 14.816 | 0.659 | |
woodland | Cr | 36 | 124.824 | 74.667 | 206.333 | 32.552 | 26.078 | 95.500 |
Cu | 36 | 15.759 | 10.667 | 22.333 | 3.175 | 20.146 | 32.000 | |
Zn | 36 | 149.176 | 92.667 | 272.667 | 47.164 | 31.616 | 99.500 | |
As | 36 | 36.915 | 13.033 | 79.667 | 15.046 | 40.758 | 20.000 | |
Hg | 36 | 0.080 | 0.066 | 0.100 | 0.010 | 12.315 | 0.110 | |
Pb | 36 | 45.337 | 24.133 | 68.667 | 11.779 | 25.982 | 35.200 | |
Cd | 36 | 0.725 | 0.555 | 1.006 | 0.127 | 17.493 | 0.659 |
Land Use Types | CF | PLI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Cu | Zn | As | Hg | Pb | Cd | ||
farmland | 1.076 | 0.413 | 1.338 | 1.496 | 0.675 | 1.394 | 0.882 | 0.948 |
grassland | 1.140 | 0.435 | 1.399 | 1.629 | 0.681 | 1.370 | 1.057 | 1.005 |
woodland | 1.302 | 0.492 | 1.499 | 1.846 | 0.724 | 1.288 | 1.100 | 1.078 |
Land Use Types | Eir | RI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Cu | Zn | As | Hg | Pb | Cd | ||
farmland | 2.152 | 2.065 | 1.338 | 14.955 | 27.009 | 6.972 | 26.446 | 61.463 |
grassland | 2.281 | 2.177 | 1.399 | 16.287 | 27.223 | 6.852 | 31.712 | 63.071 |
woodland | 2.603 | 2.462 | 1.499 | 18.457 | 28.960 | 6.440 | 32.995 | 66.862 |
Land Use Types | Heavy Metals | Cr | Cu | Zn | As | Hg | Pb | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
farmland | Cr | 1 | ||||||
Cu | 0.776 ** | 1 | ||||||
Zn | 0.864 ** | 0.860 ** | 1 | |||||
As | 0.481 | 0.814 ** | 0.662 * | 1 | ||||
Hg | −0.035 | −0.463 | −0.194 | −0.62 | 1 | |||
Pb | 0.357 | −0.154 | 0.118 | −0.498 | 0.695 * | 1 | ||
Cd | 0.847 ** | 0.641 * | 0.835 ** | 0.634 * | −0.116 | 0.169 | 1 | |
grassland | Cr | 1 | ||||||
Cu | 0.484 | 1 | ||||||
Zn | 0.742 ** | 0.775 ** | 1 | |||||
As | 0.166 | 0.642 * | 0.416 | 1 | ||||
Hg | −0.423 | −0.739 ** | −0.587 | −0.691 * | 1 | |||
Pb | 0.526 | 0.093 | 0.48 | −0.518 | 0.116 | 1 | ||
Cd | 0.434 | 0.821** | 0.849** | 0.593 | −0.634 * | 0.098 | 1 | |
woodland | Cr | 1 | ||||||
Cu | 0.632 | 1 | ||||||
Zn | 0.893 ** | 0.835 ** | 1 | |||||
As | 0.284 | 0.879 ** | 0.556 | 1 | ||||
Hg | 0.116 | 0.26 | 0.122 | 0.069 | 1 | |||
Pb | 0.606 | 0.278 | 0.650 | 0.021 | −0.073 | 1 | ||
Cd | 0.879 ** | 0.722 * | 0.976 ** | 0.439 | 0.110 | 0.719 * | 1 |
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Sun, C.; Zhu, S.; Zhao, B.; Li, W.; Gao, X.; Wang, X. Effect of Land Use Conversion on Surface Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in a Typical Karst Plateau Lakeshore Wetland of Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010084
Sun C, Zhu S, Zhao B, Li W, Gao X, Wang X. Effect of Land Use Conversion on Surface Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in a Typical Karst Plateau Lakeshore Wetland of Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010084
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Caili, Sixi Zhu, Bin Zhao, Wujiang Li, Xiaoye Gao, and Xiaodan Wang. 2020. "Effect of Land Use Conversion on Surface Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in a Typical Karst Plateau Lakeshore Wetland of Southwest China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010084