Aspects of Parent–Child Interaction from Infancy to Late Adolescence are Associated with Severity of Childhood Maltreatment through Age 18
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Attachment Theory: A Guiding Framework
1.2. Attachment Patterns and Child Maltreatment
1.3. Disrupted Parental Behavior and Child Maltreatment
1.4. Aims of the Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive and Preliminary Analyses
3.2. Prediction of Severity of CM from Maternal and Child Behavior during Infancy
3.3. Prediction of Severity of CM from Maternal and Child Behavior in Middle Childhood
3.4. Associations Between Severity of CM and Maternal and Child Behavior in Late Adolescence
4. Discussion
4.1. Findings by Developmental Period
4.2. Developmental Trends: Continuity and Discontinuity
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M (SD) | Range | |
---|---|---|
Infancy: | ||
Infant attachment security (18 months) | ||
Overall security of attachment a | n/a | 1–3 |
Disorganized attachment behavior b | 6.00 (2.51) | 1–9 |
Maternal disrupted communication (18 months) c | ||
Overall disruption (continuous) | 4.24 (1.73) | 1–7 |
Affective communication errors | 5.24 (4.44) | 0–20 |
Role confusion | 4.91 (6.85) | 0–27 |
Disorientation | 3.00 (3.32) | 0–16 |
Negative-intrusive behavior | 2.27 (3.33) | 0–14 |
Withdrawal | 3.18 (3.34) | 0–15 |
Maternal behavior at home (12 months) | ||
Involvement factor | 0.59 (0.94) | −2.18–1.75 |
Hostile intrusiveness factor | 0.0027 (1.01) | −2.79–1.35 |
Maternal behavior at home (18 Months) | ||
Involvement factor | 0.0014 (0.94) | −2.09–2.15 |
Hostile intrusiveness factor | −0.045 (0.92) | −1.38–2.90 |
Middle childhood (age 7): | ||
Child disorganized-controlling attachment | ||
Caregiving-controlling | 2.68 (2.16) | 1–9 |
Punitive-controlling | 2.77 (1.84) | 1–8 |
Overall disorganization | 1.94 (1.97) | 1–9 |
Maternal emotional availability | ||
Mother sensitivity | 3.29 (2.18) | 0–7 |
Mother hostility | 0.47 (0.75) | 0–2 |
Mother passive withdrawal | 1.18 (1.00) | 0–3 |
Late adolescence (age 19): | ||
Dyadic GPACS d factors | ||
Collaboration factor | 2.70 (0.86) | 2–5 |
Hostile-punitive factor | 3.02 (1.08) | 1.5–6 |
Disoriented factor | 4.48 (1.74) | 3.25–10 |
Caregiving-role-confused factor | 3.22 (1.47) | 1.5–6.5 |
Adolescent GPACS scales | ||
Hostile-punitive interaction | 2.13 (0.88) | 1–4 |
Odd, out-of-context behavior | 1.45 (0.83) | 1–5 |
Distracted-disoriented interaction | 1.43 (0.72) | 1–4 |
Caregiving-role-confused interaction | 2.02 (1.11) | 1–5 |
Parent GPACS scales | ||
Validation of adolescent | 2.66 (0.84) | 1–4 |
Hostile-punitive interaction | 1.96 (0.81) | 1–4 |
Odd, out-of-context behavior | 1.40 (0.74) | 1–4 |
Distracted-disoriented interaction | 1.28 (0.58) | 1–3 |
Role-confused interaction | 2.21 (1.04) | 1–4 |
Severity of childhood maltreatment (birth to age 18) | 3.45 (2.16) | 1–7 |
Severity of Childhood Maltreatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | Std. Error | Beta (Unstd) | Bootstrap CI [95%] | |
Infant attachment behavior (18 months) | ||||
Overall security of attachment a | 0.045 | 0.126 | 0.000 | −0.205, 0.275 |
Disorganized attachment behavior b | 0.271 | 0.139 | 0.466 | −0.018, 0.535 |
Maternal behavior at home (12 months) | ||||
Involvement | 0.023 | 0.141 | 0.053 | −0.244, 0.298 |
Hostile intrusiveness | 0.428 * | 0.137 | 0.920 | 0.654, 0.112 |
Maternal behavior at home (18 months) | ||||
Involvement | −0.218 | 0.132 | −0.498 | −0.450, 0.072 |
Hostile intrusiveness | 0.419 ** | 0.098 | 0.983 | 0.193, 0.584 |
Maternal disrupted communication in the SSP (18 months) | ||||
Disrupted vs. non-disrupted | 0.316 * | 0.140 | 1.354 | 0.015, 0.577 |
Affective communication errors | 0.279 | 0.143 | 0.136 | −0.039, 0.528 |
Role confusion | −0.053 | 0.137 | −0.017 | −0.328, 0.199 |
Disorientation | 0.055 | 0.158 | 0.036 | −0.289, 0.328 |
Negative intrusive | 0.028 | 0.143 | 0.018 | −0.242, 0.321 |
Withdrawal | 0.352 | 0.118 | 0.228 | 0.085, 0.553 |
Severity of Childhood Maltreatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | Std. Error | Beta (Unstd) | Bootstrap CI [95%] | |
Middle childhood disorganization and control (MCDC) scales | ||||
Caregiving-controlling | 0.057 | 0.177 | 0.058 | −0.320, 0.367 |
Punitive-controlling | −0.031 | 0.178 | −0.037 | −0.400, 0.285 |
Disorganization | 0.402 * | 0.133 | 0.445 | 0.075, 0.612 |
Maternal emotional availability scales (EAS) | ||||
Maternal lack of sensitivity | 0.315 | 0.170 | 0.314 | −0.051, 0.606 |
Maternal passive-withdrawal | 0.392 ** | 0.137 | 0.857 | 0.094, 0.633 |
Maternal hostility | 0.066 | 0.183 | 0.193 | −0.319, 0.403 |
Severity of Childhood Maltreatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | Std. Error | Beta (Unstd) | Bootstrap CI [95%] | |
Longitudinal Sample (N = 56) Dyadic GPACS Factors | ||||
Collaboration factor | −0.308 * | 0.141 | −0.775 | −0.555, −0.018 |
Hostile-punitive factor | 0.287 | 0.135 | 0.572 | −0.008, 0.525 |
Odd-disoriented factor | 0.369 ** | 0.116 | 0.456 | 0.114, 0.567 |
Caregiving-role-confused factor | 0.195 | 0.145 | 0.286 | −0.123, 0.454 |
Parent GPACS scales | ||||
Validation of adolescent | −0.322 * | 0.142 | −0.827 | −0.579, −0.026 |
Hostile-punitive interaction | 0.119 | 0.150 | 0.318 | −0.193, 0.402 |
Odd, out-of-context behavior | 0.228 | 0.129 | 0.663 | −0.071, 0.437 |
Distracted-disoriented interaction | 0.326 * | 0.119 | 1.217 | 0.036, 0.517 |
Caregiving-role-reversed interaction | 0.171 | 0.145 | 0.356 | −0.131, 0.448 |
Adolescent GPACS scales | ||||
Hostile-punitive interaction | 0.492 ** | 0.112 | 1.212 | 0.235, 0.679 |
Odd, out-of-context behavior | 0.311 * | 0.118 | 0.810 | 0.032, 0.502 |
Distracted-disoriented interaction | 0.170 | 0.155 | 0.512 | −0.155, 0.443 |
Caregiving-role-confused interaction | 0.197 | 0.160 | 0.382 | −0.152, 0.480 |
Cross-sectional sample (N = 110) | ||||
Dyadic GPACS factors | ||||
Collaboration factor | −0.269 ** | 0.088 | −0.583 | −0.433, −0.093 |
Hostile-punitive factor | 0.252 ** | 0.088 | 0.414 | 0.075, 0.420 |
Disoriented factor | 0.311 ** | 0.098 | 0.397 | 0.089, 0.476 |
Caregiving-role-confused factor | 0.184 | 0.097 | 0.244 | −0.014, 0.362 |
Parent GPACS scales | ||||
Validation of adolescent | −0.266 ** | 0.093 | −0.588 | −0.447, −0.081 |
Hostile-punitive interaction | 0.176 | 0.094 | 0.399 | −0.007, 0.356 |
Odd, out-of-context behavior | 0.206 * | 0.087 | 0.621 | 0.011, 0.357 |
Distracted-disoriented interaction | 0.127 | 0.111 | 0.452 | −0.097, 0.336 |
Caregiving-role-confused interaction | 0.147 | 0.098 | 0.273 | −0.052, 0.327 |
Adolescent GPACS scales | ||||
Hostile-punitive interaction | 0.305 ** | 0.084 | 0.618 | 0.128, 0.462 |
Odd, out-of-context behavior | 0.338 ** | 0.076 | 0.865 | 0.179, 0.474 |
Distracted-disoriented interaction | 0.093 | 0.104 | 0.287 | −0.122, 0.281 |
Caregiving-role-confused interaction | 0.220 * | 0.101 | 0.406 | 0.023, 0.416 |
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Khoury, J.E.; Rajamani, M.; Bureau, J.-F.; Easterbrooks, M.A.; Lyons-Ruth, K. Aspects of Parent–Child Interaction from Infancy to Late Adolescence are Associated with Severity of Childhood Maltreatment through Age 18. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113749
Khoury JE, Rajamani M, Bureau J-F, Easterbrooks MA, Lyons-Ruth K. Aspects of Parent–Child Interaction from Infancy to Late Adolescence are Associated with Severity of Childhood Maltreatment through Age 18. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113749
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhoury, Jennifer E., Mallika Rajamani, Jean-François Bureau, M. Ann Easterbrooks, and Karlen Lyons-Ruth. 2020. "Aspects of Parent–Child Interaction from Infancy to Late Adolescence are Associated with Severity of Childhood Maltreatment through Age 18" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113749