Exercise Addiction and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes in Indoor Cycling Practitioners in Fitness Centers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Exercise Addiction
2.3.2. Health Behaviors
2.3.3. Health Status
2.3.4. Sociodemographic Data
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation and Practical Application of Current Research Findings
4.2. Limitations and Strengths
5. Highlights
- A total of 13.3% of indoor cycling practitioners reported a high risk of exercise addiction.
- Exercise addiction was more prevalent in men and associated with worse health outcomes.
- Cardiorespiratory fitness and anxiety were the main determinants of exercise addiction.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Indoor Cycling (n = 522) | Control (n = 329) | Low vs. High REA | High REA vs. Control | Low REA vs. Control | ANOVA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low REA (n = 436) | High REA (n = 86) | p-Value | dunb (95% CI) | p-Value | dunb (95% CI) | p-Value | dunb (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Educational status (non-university studies) | 229 (52.5) | 45 (52.3) | 190 (57.8) | 1.000 | 0.394 | 0.164 | ||||
Occupational status (unemployed) | 68 (15.6) | 15 (17.4) | 92 (28) | 0.633 | 0.053 | <0.001 | ||||
Marital status (single) | 102 (23.4) | 15 (17.7) | 100 (30.4) | 0.259 | 0.021 | 0.032 | ||||
Number of children (≥1) | 216 (49.5) | 42 (48.8) | 150 (45.6) | 0.907 | 0.628 | 0.306 | ||||
Training volume (h/week) | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 0.855 | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) | ||||||
Training frequency (d/week) | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 0.833 | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.26) | ||||||
Experience in indoor cycling (years) | 4.1 ± 3.7 | 4.4 ± 4.0 | 0.492 | −0.08 (-0.31, 0.15) | ||||||
Age (years) | 39.9 ± 10.7 | 38.1 ± 9.5 | 37.2 ± 12.8 | 0.527 | 0.17 (−0.06, 0.41) | 1.000 | 0.07 (−0.17, 0.32) | 0.004 | 0.24 (0.08, 0.40) | 0.005 |
Exercise addiction (6–30) | 17.6 ± 3.8 | 25.7 ± 1.7 | 11.7 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | −2.29 (−2.56, −2.02) | <0.001 | 3.13 (2.79, 3.48) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.19, 1.54) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 4517.6 ± 2930.2 | 4986.0 ± 2857.6 | 502.7 ± 674.7 | 0.264 | −0.16 (−0.39, 0.07) | <0.001 | 2.83 (2.50, 3.16) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.50, 1.86) | <0.001 |
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (0–14) | 8.2 ± 2.1 | 8.3 ± 1.8 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 1.000 | −0.04 (−0.27, 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.28, 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.33, 0.65) | <0.001 |
Smoking dependence (0–6) | 0.48 ± 1.63 | 0.33 ± 1.47 | 1.39 ± 2.76 | 1.000 | 0.09 (−0.14, 0.33) | <0.001 | −0.43 (−0.68, −0.18) | <0.001 | −0.43 (−0.59, −0.27) | <0.001 |
Alcohol use (SAU/weeek) | 6.8 ± 8.3 | 4.8 ± 6.5 | 7.7 ± 10.0 | 0.148 | 0.26 (0.02, 0.49) | 0.020 | −0.31 (−0.56, −0.07) | 0.555 | −0.10 (−0.25, 0.06) | 0.023 |
Quality of life (0–100) | ||||||||||
Physical function | 55.7 ± 3.7 | 55.2 ± 4.8 | 50.4 ± 9.2 | 1.000 | 0.14 (−0.10, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.32, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.01) | <0.001 |
Physical role | 54.3 ± 8.4 | 52.3 ± 10.4 | 50.8 ± 11.4 | 0.253 | 0.23 (0.00, 0.46) | 0.724 | 0.13 (−0.12, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.20, 0.52) | <0.001 |
Pain | 54.8 ± 5.9 | 54.7 ± 6.3 | 51.6 ± 8.8 | 1.000 | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.25) | 0.001 | 0.37 (0.12, 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.29, 0.61) | <0.001 |
General health | 51.6 ± 7.0 | 53.3 ± 7.2 | 44.9 ± 9.4 | 0.248 | −0.23 (−0.47, 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.68, 1.20) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.01) | <0.001 |
Vitality | 56.7 ± 8.2 | 58.9 ± 8.4 | 52.8 ± 9.8 | 0.115 | −0.26 (−0.49, −0.03) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.40, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.29, 0.61) | <0.001 |
Social function | 51.7 ± 8.2 | 50.2 ± 10.0 | 48.4 ± 10.2 | 0.551 | 0.17 (−0.06, 0.40) | 0.277 | 0.18 (−0.06, 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.21, 0.53) | <0.001 |
Emotional role | 49.7 ± 14.0 | 48.8 ± 15.1 | 45.2 ± 17.1 | 1.000 | 0.06 (−0.17, 0.30) | 0.162 | 0.22 (−0.03, 0.46) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.14, 0.46) | <0.001 |
Mental health | 52.1 ± 8.4 | 50.4 ± 8.6 | 50.4 ± 8.6 | 0.246 | 0.21 (−0.02, 0.44) | 1.000 | 0.00 (−0.25, 0.25) | 0.015 | 0.21 (0.05, 0.36) | 0.012 |
Physical component summary | 55.8 ± 5.8 | 56.0 ± 7.6 | 50.7 ± 9.7 | 1.000 | −0.03 (−0.26, 0.20) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.33, 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.53, 0.85) | <0.001 |
Mental component summary | 51.1 ± 13.7 | 51.4 ± 14.1 | 42.0 ± 17.0 | 1.000 | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.32, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.45, 0.77) | <0.001 |
Quality of sleep (0–21) | 4.6 ± 2.5 | 4.6 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 2.9 | 1.000 | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) | 0.158 | −0.22 (−0.47, 0.03) | 0.001 | −0.26 (−0.42, −0.10) | 0.002 |
Anxiety (0–21) | 8.5 ± 2.4 | 9.3 ± 3.0 | 9.7 ± 3.0 | 0.039 | −0.32 (−0.55, −0.08) | 0.503 | −0.15 (−0.40, 0.10) | <0.001 | −0.47 (−0.63, −0.31) | <0.001 |
Depression (0–21) | 9.5 ± 2.2 | 9.4 ± 2.3 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 1.000 | 0.05 (−0.18, 0.28) | 0.052 | −0.26 (−0.51, −0.02) | 0.003 | −0.25 (−0.40, −0.09) | 0.002 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 2.8 | 25.1 ± 3.3 | 25.8 ± 3.8 | 0.980 | 0.13 (−0.10, 0.36) | 0.205 | −0.20 (−0.44, 0.05) | 0.451 | −0.11 (−0.27, 0.05) | 0.131 |
Fitness (1–5) | ||||||||||
Overall | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 0.012 | −0.36 (−0.59, −0.13) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.26, 1.81) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.10, 1.45) | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0.019 | −0.35 (−0.58, −0.11) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.16, 1.70) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.06, 1.40) | <0.001 |
Muscular strength | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 0.065 | −0.29 (−0.52, −0.05) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.66, 1.17) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.54, 0.86) | <0.001 |
Speed-agility | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0.074 | −0.28 (−0.52, −0.05) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.30) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.02) | <0.001 |
Flexibility | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 0.727 | −0.15 (−0.38, 0.09) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.44, 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.47, 0.79) | <0.001 |
Variables | Indoor Cycling (n = 492) | Control (n = 597) | Low vs. High REA | High REA vs. Control | Low REA vs. Control | ANOVA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low REA (n = 443) | High REA (n = 49) | p-Value | dunb (95%CI) | p-Value | dunb (95% CI) | p-Value | dunb (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Educational status (non-university studies) | 133 (30) | 17 (34.7) | 240 (40.2) | 0.515 | 0.544 | 0.001 | ||||
Occupational status (unemployed) | 138 (31.2) | 22 (44.9) | 262 (43.9) | 0.055 | 0.882 | <0.001 | ||||
Marital status (single) | 85 (19.2) | 21 (42.9) | 146 (24.5) | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.050 | ||||
Number of children (≥1) | 173 (39.1) | 15 (30.6) | 253 (42.4) | 0.281 | 0.131 | 0.308 | ||||
Training volume (h/week) | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | −0.53 (−0.82, −0.23) | 0.001 | ||||||
Training frequency (d/week) | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | −0.56 (−0.85, −0.26) | <0.001 | ||||||
Experience in indoor cycling (years) | 3.5 ± 3.5 | 4.3 ± 5.3 | −0.22 (−0.52, 0.07) | 0.135 | ||||||
Age (years) | 35.2 ± 10.9 | 32.2 ± 8.9 | 34.5 ± 12.7 | 0.301 | 0.27 (−0.02, 0.57) | 0.615 | −0.18 (−0.47, 0.11) | 1.000 | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.18) | 0.221 |
Exercise addiction (6-30) | 16.9 ± 3.7 | 25.4 ± 1.5 | 11.0 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | −2.39 (−2.72, −2.06) | <0.001 | 3.23 (2.89, 3.57) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.24, 1.51) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 3564.1 ± 2406.1 | 5120.7 ± 3371.8 | 379.6 ± 367.1 | <0.001 | −0.62 (−0.91, −0.32) | <0.001 | 4.80 (4.41, 5.19) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.85, 2.15) | <0.001 |
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (0–14) | 8.5 ± 1.8 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 2.1 | 1.000 | 0.10 (−0.19, 0.40) | 0.029 | 0.37 (0.08, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.36, 0.61) | <0.001 |
Smoking dependence (0−16) | 0.30 ± 1.22 | 0.35 ± 1.36 | 0.85 ± 2.06 | 1.000 | −0.04 (−0.33, 0.26) | 0.155 | −0.25 (−0.54, 0.04) | <0.001 | −0.31 (−0.44, −0.19) | <0.001 |
Alcohol use (SAU/week) | 3.8 ± 7.3 | 2.7 ± 4.9 | 4.4 ± 8.3 | 1.000 | 0.16 (−0.14, 0.45) | 0.387 | −0.22 (−0.51, 0.07) | 0.560 | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.04) | 0.179 |
Quality of life (0–100) | ||||||||||
Physical function | 55.4 ± 4.3 | 55.6 ± 3.2 | 50.1 ± 9.0 | 1.000 | −0.06 (−0.35, 0.24) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.34, 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.58, 0.84) | <0.001 |
Physical role | 51.7 ± 11.2 | 52.3 ± 9.8 | 49.8 ± 12.7 | 1.000 | −0.05 (−0.35, 0.24) | 0.503 | 0.20 (−0.10, 0.49) | 0.035 | 0.16 (0.03, 0.28) | 0.027 |
Pain | 54.5 ± 6.2 | 52.2 ± 10.6 | 51.1 ± 9.2 | 0.204 | 0.33 (0.04, 0.63) | 1.000 | 0.12 (−0.17, 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.54) | <0.001 |
General health | 51.8 ± 6.9 | 52.5 ± 8.3 | 46.1 ± 9.2 | 1.000 | −0.10 (−0.40, 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.41, 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.56, 0.81) | <0.001 |
Vitality | 55.0 ± 8.5 | 57.0 ± 9.2 | 51.1 ± 9.9 | 0.458 | −0.23 (−0.53, 0.06) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.31, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.55) | <0.001 |
Social function | 50.6 ± 8.6 | 48.5 ± 10.9 | 47.0 ± 10.2 | 0.437 | 0.24 (−0.06, 0.53) | 0.803 | 0.15 (−0.14, 0.45) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.26, 0.51) | <0.001 |
Emotional role | 46.6 ± 16.4 | 43.3 ± 18.8 | 42.3 ± 18.3 | 0.621 | 0.20 (−0.09, 0.50) | 1.000 | 0.05 (−0.24, 0.35) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.12, 0.37) | <0.001 |
Mental health | 50.5 ± 8.2 | 46.8 ± 10.3 | 47.2 ± 9.4 | 0.022 | 0.43 (0.13, 0.73) | 1.000 | −0.04 (−0.33, 0.25) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.24, 0.49) | <0.001 |
Physical component summary | 55.7 ± 7.0 | 57.2 ± 7.3 | 51.7 ± 10.6 | 0.874 | −0.21 (−0.50, 0.09) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.24, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.31, 0.56) | <0.001 |
Mental component summary | 48.2 ± 15.4 | 45.3 ± 18.4 | 39.4 ± 17.9 | 0.732 | 0.19 (−0.11, 0.48) | 0.063 | 0.32 (0.03, 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.40, 0.65) | <0.001 |
Quality of sleep (0–21) | 4.6 ± 2.6 | 5.4 ± 3.5 | 5.3 ± 3.2 | 0.301 | −0.27 (−0.57, 0.02) | 1.000 | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.30) | <0.001 | −0.24 (−0.36, −0.12) | 0.001 |
Anxiety (0–21) | 9.0 ± 2.4 | 10.5 ± 3.6 | 10.2 ± 3.1 | 0.001 | −0.59 (−0.89, −0.30) | 1.000 | 0.09 (−0.20, 0.38) | <0.001 | −0.44 (−0.56, −0.31) | <0.001 |
Depression (0–21) | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 10.0 ± 2.5 | 10.4 ± 2.9 | 0.308 | −0.29 (−0.58, 0.01) | 0.884 | −0.14 (−0.43, 0.15) | <0.001 | −0.40 (−0.52, −0.28) | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 3.0 | 22.5 ± 3.2 | 23.5 ± 4.3 | 1.000 | −0.01 (−0.31, 0.28) | 0.201 | −0.24 (−0.53, 0.05) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.41, −0.16) | <0.001 |
Fitness (1–5) | ||||||||||
Overall | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 0.039 | −0.41 (−0.70, −0.11) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.24, 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.13, 1.39) | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 0.021 | −0.41 (−0.71, −0.12) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.31, 1.92) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.10, 1.37) | <0.001 |
Muscular strength | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.036 | −0.40 (−0.69, −0.10) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.98, 1.58) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.09) | <0.001 |
Speed–agility | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 1.000 | −0.14 (−0.43, 0.16) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.71, 1.30) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.06) | <0.001 |
Flexibility | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.348 | −0.24 (−0.54, 0.05) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.45, 1.04) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.41, 0.66) | <0.001 |
Variables | Descriptive | Correlation with the Risk of Exercise Addiction | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (men/women) | 492 (48.5) | −0.01 | <0.001 |
Educational status (non-university/university studies) | 424 (41.8) | −0.02 | 0.542 |
Occupational status (un-/employed) | 243 (24.0) | −0.05 | 0.147 |
Marital status (single/couple) | 223 (22.0) | 0.08 | 0.008 |
Number of children (≥1/0) | 446 (44.0) | −0.02 | 0.509 |
Training volume (h/week) | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 0.08 | 0.009 |
Training frequency (d/week) | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 0.10 | 0.003 |
Experience in indoor cycling (years) | 3.9 ± 3.7 | 0.05 | 0.087 |
Exercise addiction (6–30) | 18.3 ± 4.6 | 1.00 | - |
Age (years) | 37.3 ± 10.9 | −0.09 | 0.006 |
Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 4169.9 ± 2783.9 | 0.15 | <0.001 |
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (0–14) | 8.3 ± 1.9 | −0.02 | 0.641 |
Smoking dependence (0–16) | 0.4 ± 1.4 | −0.06 | 0.052 |
Alcohol use (SAU/week) | 5.1 ± 7.7 | −0.02 | 0.565 |
Quality of life (0–100) | |||
Physical function | 55.5 ± 4.0 | 0.03 | 0.402 |
Physical role | 52.9 ± 10.0 | −0.03 | 0.307 |
Pain | 54.6 ± 6.4 | −0.05 | 0.115 |
General health | 51.9 ± 7.0 | 0.09 | 0.006 |
Vitality | 56.2 ± 8.5 | 0.06 | 0.074 |
Social function | 51.0 ± 8.7 | −0.06 | 0.052 |
Emotional role | 48.0 ± 15.5 | −0.05 | 0.132 |
Mental health | 51.0 ± 8.5 | −0.07 | 0.025 |
Physical component summary | 55.9 ± 6.6 | 0.05 | 0.116 |
Mental component summary | 49.6 ± 14.8 | −0.01 | 0.838 |
Quality of sleep (0–21) | 4.6 ± 2.6 | 0.05 | 0.138 |
Anxiety (0–21) | 8.9 ± 2.6 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
Depression (0–21) | 9.5 ± 2.2 | 0.04 | 0.262 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.3 | −0.02 | 0.599 |
Fitness (1–5) | |||
Overall | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 0.22 | <0.001 |
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
Muscular strength | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 0.21 | <0.001 |
Speed-agility | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
Flexibility | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 0.04 | 0.180 |
Variables a | B | SE | β | t | VIF | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | 11.07 | 1.25 | 8.89 | <0.001 | ||
Cardiorespiratory fitness | 1.13 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 5.97 | 1.46 | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 7.05 | 1.03 | <0.001 |
Muscular strength | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 2.46 | 1.42 | 0.014 |
Sex (men/women) | −0.85 | 0.28 | −0.09 | −3.00 | 1.13 | 0.003 |
Age | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.08 | −2.70 | 1.07 | 0.007 |
Physical activity | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 2.51 | 1.10 | 0.012 |
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Bueno-Antequera, J.; Mayolas-Pi, C.; Reverter-Masià, J.; López-Laval, I.; Oviedo-Caro, M.Á.; Munguía-Izquierdo, D.; Ruidíaz-Peña, M.; Legaz-Arrese, A. Exercise Addiction and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes in Indoor Cycling Practitioners in Fitness Centers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114159
Bueno-Antequera J, Mayolas-Pi C, Reverter-Masià J, López-Laval I, Oviedo-Caro MÁ, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Ruidíaz-Peña M, Legaz-Arrese A. Exercise Addiction and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes in Indoor Cycling Practitioners in Fitness Centers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114159
Chicago/Turabian StyleBueno-Antequera, Javier, Carmen Mayolas-Pi, Joaquin Reverter-Masià, Isaac López-Laval, Miguel Ángel Oviedo-Caro, Diego Munguía-Izquierdo, Mercedes Ruidíaz-Peña, and Alejandro Legaz-Arrese. 2020. "Exercise Addiction and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes in Indoor Cycling Practitioners in Fitness Centers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114159