China’s Pathway towards Solar Energy Utilization: Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Definition of a Low-Carbon Economy
2.2. Definition of Solar Energy
2.3. Relationship between the Solar Energy Industry and a Low-Carbon Economy
3. Data Analysis
3.1. Solar Energy Allocation in China
3.2. Cost–Benefit Analysis of the Solar Water Heater
4. Findings
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
5. Conclusions
Policy Implementation
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | Latitude (North) | Average Sunshine Hours per Day | City | Latitude (North) | Average Sunshine Hour per Day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harbin | 45.68 | 4.4 h | Hefei | 31.85 | 3.69 h |
Chuangchun | 43.90 | 4.80 h | Shanghai | 31.17 | 3.80 h |
Urumchi | 43.78 | 4.60 h | Chengdu | 30.67 | 2.87 h |
Shenyang | 41.77 | 4.60 h | Wuhan | 30.63 | 3.80 h |
Hohhot | 40.78 | 5.60 h | Hangzhou | 30.23 | 3.42 h |
Beijing | 39.80 | 5.00 h | Lhasa | 29.70 | 6.70 h |
Tianjin | 39.10 | 4.65 h | Nanchang | 28.67 | 3.81 h |
Yinchuang | 38.48 | 5.50 h | Changsha | 28.20 | 3.22 h |
Taiyuan | 37.78 | 4.80 h | Guiyang | 26.58 | 2.84 h |
Xining | 36.75 | 5.50 h | Fuzhou | 26.08 | 3.46 h |
Jinan | 36.68 | 4.44 h | Kunming | 25.02 | 4.26 h |
Lanzhou | 36.05 | 4.40 h | Guangzhou | 23.13 | 3.52 h |
Zhengzhou | 34.72 | 4.04 h | Nanjing | 22.82 | 3.54 h |
Xi’an | 34.30 | 3.60 h | Haikou | 20.03 | 3.75 h |
Nanjing | 32.00 | 3.94 h |
Name | Emission Factor (kg/kgce) | Annual Emission Amount (kg) | Annual Environmental Benefit (¥/kg) | Total Environmental Benefits during Useful Life (¥) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Reduction of Harmful Gases Emission | ||||
SO2 | 0.022 | 4.85 | 10.26 | 49.8 |
NO2 | 0.01 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 3.96 |
Smoke Dust | 0.017 | 3.75 | 4.48 | 16.8 |
CO2 (Greenhouse Gas) | 1.79 | 322 | 0.20 | 64.4 |
2. Total Environmental Benefits | 75.02 | 750.2 |
Year | Total Revenue (100 Million Yuan) | Export (100 Million US Dollars) |
---|---|---|
2006 | 270 | 1.25 |
2007 | 320 | 1.5 |
2008 | 465 | 1.8 |
2009 | 600 | 2.0 |
2010 | 735 | 2.5 |
Total | 2390 | 9.05 |
Year | Employment (10 Thousand Persons) |
---|---|
2006 | 200 |
2007 | 250 |
2008 | 280 |
2009 | 300 |
2010 | 330 |
Year | Amount of Solar Water Heater Held (m2/MWth) | Amount of Standard Coal Saved (GWh) | Amount of Electricity Saved (GWh) | Reduced Amount of SO2 (10,000 Tons) | Reduced Amount of NO2 (10,000 Tons) | Reduced Amount of Smoke Dust (10,000 Tons) | Reduced Amount of CO2 (10,000 Tons) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2600/18,200 | 390 | 108.42 | 12.61 | 5.72 | 9.75 | 837.2 |
2001 | 3200/22,400 | 480 | 133.44 | 15.52 | 7.04 | 12.0 | 1030.4 |
2002 | 4000/28,000 | 600 | 166.80 | 19.40 | 8.80 | 15.0 | 1288 |
2003 | 5000/35,000 | 750 | 208.50 | 24.25 | 11.0 | 18.75 | 1610 |
2004 | 6200/43,400 | 930 | 258.54 | 30.07 | 13.64 | 23.25 | 1996.4 |
2005 | 7500/52,500 | 1125 | 312.75 | 36.37 | 15.0 | 28.12 | 2415 |
2006 | 9000/63,000 | 1350 | 375.30 | 43.65 | 19.8 | 33.75 | 2898 |
2007 | 10,800/75,600 | 1620 | 450.36 | 52.38 | 23.76 | 40.50 | 3477.6 |
2008 | 12,500/87,500 | 1875 | 521.25 | 60.62 | 27.50 | 46.87 | 4025 |
2009 | 14,500/101,500 | 2175 | 604.65 | 70.32 | 31.90 | 54.37 | 4669 |
2010 | 16,800/117,600 | 2352 | 653.86 | 81.48 | 36.96 | 63.00 | 5045 |
Total | 13,647 | 3195.68 | 446.67 | 201.12 | 345.36 | 29,291.60 |
Year | Discount Factor (1 + i)−t ① | Buying Price (¥) ② | Annual Maintenance Cost (¥) ③ | Annual Times of Shower Taken (Times) ④ | Annual Water Fee (¥) ⑤ | Annual Total Costs (¥) ⑥ = ② + ③ + ⑤ | Annual Present Value of Costs (¥) ⑦ = ⑥ × ① |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.99616 | 3500.00 | 10.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 3702.40 | 3688.20 |
2 | 0.99234 | 10.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 202.40 | 200.85 | |
3 | 0.98854 | 10.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 202.40 | 200.08 | |
4 | 0.98475 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 219.01 | |
5 | 0.98097 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 218.17 | |
6 | 0.97721 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 217.33 | |
7 | 0.97346 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 216.50 | |
8 | 0.96973 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 215.67 | |
9 | 0.96601 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 214.84 | |
10 | 0.96230 | 30.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 222.40 | 214.02 | |
Present Value of Total Costs | 5604.67 |
Name | Annual Emission Amount per m2 Solar Water Heater Held (kg/m2) ① | Annual Environmental Benefit per Kilogram (¥/kg) ② | Annual Reduced Emission Amount (kg) ③ = ① × 1.96 m2 | Annual Environmental Benefits (¥) ④ = ③ × ② |
---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | 4.85 | 10.26 | 9.51 | 97.57 |
NO2 | 2.20 | 1.80 | 4.31 | 7.76 |
Smoke Dust | 3.75 | 4.48 | 7.35 | 32.93 |
CO2 | 322.00 | 0.20 | 631.12 | 126.22 |
Total Annual Environmental Benefits | 264.48 |
Year | Discount Factor (1 + i)−t ① | Total Annual Environmental Benefits (¥) ② | Present Value of Total Annual Environment Benefits (¥) ③ = ① × ② |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.99616 | 264.48 | 263.47 |
2 | 0.99234 | 264.48 | 262.46 |
3 | 0.98854 | 264.48 | 261.45 |
4 | 0.98475 | 264.48 | 260.45 |
5 | 0.98097 | 264.48 | 259.45 |
6 | 0.97721 | 264.48 | 258.45 |
7 | 0.97346 | 264.48 | 257.46 |
8 | 0.96973 | 264.48 | 256.47 |
9 | 0.96601 | 264.48 | 255.49 |
10 | 0.96230 | 264.48 | 254.51 |
Present Value of Total Environmental Benefits | 2589.67 |
Year | Discount Factor (1 + i)−t ① | Buying Price (¥) ② | Annual Maintenance Cost (¥) ③ | Annual Times of Shower Taken (Times) ④ | Annual Water Fee (¥) ⑤ | Annual Electricity Fee (¥) ⑥ | Annual Total Costs (¥) ⑦ = ② + ③ + ⑤ + ⑥ | Annual Present Value of Costs (¥) ⑧ = ⑦ × ① |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.99616 | 1756.00 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 2170.40 | 2162.08 |
2 | 0.99234 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 411.23 | |
3 | 0.98854 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 409.65 | |
4 | 0.98475 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 408.08 | |
5 | 0.98097 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 406.51 | |
6 | 0.97721 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 404.96 | |
7 | 0.97346 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 403.40 | |
8 | 0.96973 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 401.85 | |
9 | 0.96601 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 400.31 | |
10 | 0.96230 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 182.00 | 414.40 | 398.78 | |
Total | 9.79147 | Present Value of Electronic Fees | 9.79147 × 182.00 = 1782.05 | |||||
Present Value of Total Costs | 5806.85 |
Year | Discount Factor (1 + i)−t ① | Buying Price (¥) ② | Annual Maintenance Cost (¥)③ | Annual Times of Shower Taken (Times) ④ | Annual Water Fee (¥) ⑤ | Annual Coal Gas Fee (¥) ⑥ | Annual Total Costs (¥) ⑦ = ② + ③ + ⑤ + ⑥ | Annual Present Value of Costs (¥) ⑧ = ⑦ × ① |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.99616 | 2000.00 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 2437.80 | 2428.45 |
2 | 0.99234 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 434.45 | |
3 | 0.98854 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 432.78 | |
4 | 0.98475 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 431.12 | |
5 | 0.98097 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 429.47 | |
6 | 0.97721 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 427.82 | |
7 | 0.97346 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 426.18 | |
8 | 0.96973 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 424.55 | |
9 | 0.96601 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 422.92 | |
10 | 0.96230 | 40.00 | 520 | 192.40 | 205.40 | 437.80 | 421.30 | |
Total | 9.79147 | Present Value of Coal Gages Fee | 9.79147 × 205.40 = 2011.17 | |||||
Present Value of Total Costs | 6279.04 |
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Share and Cite
Gulzar, M.A.; Asghar, H.; Hwang, J.; Hassan, W. China’s Pathway towards Solar Energy Utilization: Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124221
Gulzar MA, Asghar H, Hwang J, Hassan W. China’s Pathway towards Solar Energy Utilization: Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124221
Chicago/Turabian StyleGulzar, Muhammad Awais, Haroon Asghar, Jinsoo Hwang, and Waseem Hassan. 2020. "China’s Pathway towards Solar Energy Utilization: Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124221