Sex Differences in Frail Older Adults with Foot Pain in a Spanish Population: An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Evaluation of Frailty
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data and Socio-Demographic Data
3.2. Edmonton Frail Scale and 5-Frailty Scale Sex Distribution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic and Descriptive Data | Total Group n = 52 Mean ± SD (Range) | Female n = 26 Mean ± SD (Range) | Male n = 26 Mean ± SD (Range) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 77.47 ± 10.69 (74.54–80.40) | 79.07 ± 10.74 (75.16–82.98) | 75.36 ± 10.50 (70.98–79.75) | 0.224 |
Weight (kg) | 62.47 ± 12.08 (59.16–65.78) | 58.31 ± 12.44 (53.78–62.84) | 67.95 ± 9.25 (64.09–71.82) | 0.004 |
Height (m) | 1.61 ± 0.08 (74.54–80.40) | 1.57 ± 0.07 (1.54–1.59) | 1.65 ± 0.07 (1.62–1.68) | 0.000 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.19 ± 3.96 (23.10–25.27) | 23.67 ± 4.30 (22.10–25.24) | 24.87 ± 3.42 (23.45–26.30) | 0.286 |
Foot Pain | 7.18 ± 3.38 (23.10–25.27) | 7.28 ± 1.36 (5.00–10.00) | 7.05 ± 1.43 (5.00–10.00) | 0.561 |
Frailty Scale Domains | Total Group n = 52 Mean ± SD (Range) Median (IR) | Female n =26 Mean ± SD (Range) Median (IR) | Male n = 26 Mean ± SD (Range) Median (IR) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | 0.54 ± 0.50 (0.41–0.68) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.55 ± 0.35 (0.35–0.74) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.54 ± 0.50 (0.31–0.77) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.965 |
Resistance | 0.47 ± 0.50 (0.33–0.60) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.51 ± 0.50 (0.32–0.71) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.40 ± 0.50 (0.18–0.63) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.448 |
Ambulation | 0.47 ± 0.50 (0.30–0.59) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.44 ± 0.50 (0.25–0.64) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.45 ± 0.50 (0.22–0.68 0.00 (1.00) | 0.965 |
Illness | 0.43 ± 0.50 (0.29–0.57) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.44 ± 0.50 (0.25–0.64) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.40 ± 0.50 (0.18–0.63) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.782 |
Loss of weight | 0.54 ± 0.50 (0.41–0.69) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.51 ± 0.50 (0.32–0.71) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.59 ± 0.50 (0.36–0.81) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.604 |
TOTAL Frailty Scale | 2.49 ± 1.50 (2.08–2.91) 3.00 (3.00) | 2.51 ± 1.45 (1.96–3.07) 3.00 (2.00) | 2.45 ± 1.59 (1.74–3.16) 2.50 (3.00) | 0.892 |
Edmonton Frail Scale Domains | Total Group n = 52 Mean ± SD (95%CI) Median (IR) | Female n = 26 Mean ± SD (95%CI) Median (IR) | Male n = 26 Mean ± SD (95%CI) Median (IR) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cognition | 0.78 ± 0.64 (0.60–0.96) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.79 ± 0.61 (0.55–1.02) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.77 ± 0.68 (0.46–1.07) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.865 |
General health status 2A | 0.66 ± 0.52 (0.49–0.84) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.65 ± 0.61 (0.42–0.88) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.68 ± 0.64 (0.39–0.96) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.907 |
General health status 2B | 0.82 ± 0.88 (0.57–1.97) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.79 ± 0.86 (0.46–1.12) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.86 ± 0.94 (0.44–1.28 1.00 (1.00) | 0.845 |
Functional independence | 0.60 ± 0.85 (0.36–0.84) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.58 ± 0.82 (0.27–0.89) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.53 ± 0.90 (0.23–1.03) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.923 |
Social support | 0.49 ± 0.57 (0.32–0.65) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.51 ± 0.57 (0.29–0.73) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.45 ± 0.59 (0.19–0.71) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.648 |
Medication use 5A | 0.60 ± 0.49 (0.46–0.74) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.58 ± 0.50 (0.39–0.77) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.53 ± 0.49 (0.41–0.85 1.00 (1.00) | 0.719 |
Medication use 5 B | 0.54 ± 0.50 (0.41–0.69) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.58 ± 0.50 (0.32–0.71) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.50 ± 0.51 (0.27–0.72) 0.50 (1.00) | 0.544 |
Nutrition | 0.66 ± 0.47 (0.53–0.80) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.65 ± 0.49 (0.47–0.83) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.68 ± 0.47 (0.47–0.89) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.843 |
Mood | 0.54 ± 0.50 (0.4–0.69) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.62 ± 0.49 (0.43–0.80) 1.00 (1.00) | 0.45 ± 0.50 (0.22–0.68) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.242 |
Continence | 0.39 ± 0.49 (0.25–0.53) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.44 ± 0.50 (0.25–0.64) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.31 ± 0.47 (0.10–0.52) 0.00 (1.00) | 0.351 |
Functional performance | 1.05 ± 0.64 (0.87–1.24) 1.00 (0.00) | 1.13 ± 0.58 (0.91–1.35) 1.00 (0.50 | 0.95 ± 0.72 (0.53–1.27) 1.00 (1.25) | 0.332 |
Total Edmonton Frail Scale | 6.969 ± 4.57 (5.67–8.24) 6.00 (7.00) | 7.27 ± 4.30 (5.63–8.91) 7.00 (6.00) | 6.54 ± 4.97 (4.34–8.75) 5.50 (6.50) | 0.457 |
Edmonton Frail Scale Domains | Fatigue r (p) | Resistance r (p) | Ambulation r (p) | Illness r (p) | Loss of Weight r (p) | TOTAL Frailty Scale r (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognition | 0.428 (<0.001) | 0.369 (0.002) | 0.513 (<0.001) | 0.386 (00.001) | 0.498 (<0.001) | 0.773 (<0.001) |
General health status 2A | 0.232 (0.059) | 0.174 (0.160) | 0.608 (<0.001) | 0.576 (<0.001) | 0.623 (<0.001) | 0.750 (<0.001) |
General health status 2B | 0.269 (0.028) | 0.194 (0.116) | 0.641 (<0.001) | 0.562 (<0.001) | 0.624 (<0.001) | 0.780 (<0.001) |
Functional independence | 0.295 (0.015) | 0.131 (0.290) | 0.497 (<0.001) | 0.276 (0.024) | 0.383 (00.001) | 0.481 (<0.001) |
Social support | 0.259 (0.034) | 0.107 (0.390) | 0.521 (<0.001) | 0.334 (0.006) | 0.409 (0.001) | 0.510 (<0.001) |
Medication use 5A | 0.401 (0.401) | 0.115 (0.352) | 0.627 (00.401) | 0.006 (<0.001) | 0.417 (<0.001) | 0.683 (<0.001) |
Medication use 5 B | 0.069 (0.579) | 0.152 (0.220) | 0.579 (00.579) | 0.621 (<0.001) | 0.379 (0.002) | 0.620 (<0.001) |
Nutrition | −0.097 (0.438) | –0.080 (0.518) | 0.282 (0.021) | 0.326 (0.007) | 0.299 (0.014) | 0.324 (<0.001) |
Mood | 0.066 (0.594) | 0.075 (0.548) | 0.111 (0.369) | −0.158 (0.201) | 0.067 (0.590) | 0.066 (0.490) |
Continence | 0.078 (0.529) | 0.302 (0.013) | 0.571 (<0.001) | 0.452 (<0.001) | 0.469 (<0.001) | 0.575 (<0.001) |
Functional performance | 0.492 (<0.001) | 0.434 (<00.001) | 0.076 (0.542) | −0.136 (0.271) | 0.149 (0.228) | 0.446 (<0.001) |
Total Edmonton Frail Scale | 0.329 (0.006) | 0.276 (0.024) | 0.624 (<0.001) | 0.443 (<0.001) | 0.582 (<0.001) | 0.842 (<0.001) |
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Navarro-Flores, E.; Romero-Morales, C.; Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo, R.; Rodríguez-Sanz, D.; Palomo-López, P.; López-López, D.; Losa-Iglesias, M.E.; Calvo-Lobo, C. Sex Differences in Frail Older Adults with Foot Pain in a Spanish Population: An Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176141
Navarro-Flores E, Romero-Morales C, Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo R, Rodríguez-Sanz D, Palomo-López P, López-López D, Losa-Iglesias ME, Calvo-Lobo C. Sex Differences in Frail Older Adults with Foot Pain in a Spanish Population: An Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176141
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarro-Flores, Emmanuel, Carlos Romero-Morales, Ricardo Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Patricia Palomo-López, Daniel López-López, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, and César Calvo-Lobo. 2020. "Sex Differences in Frail Older Adults with Foot Pain in a Spanish Population: An Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176141
APA StyleNavarro-Flores, E., Romero-Morales, C., Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo, R., Rodríguez-Sanz, D., Palomo-López, P., López-López, D., Losa-Iglesias, M. E., & Calvo-Lobo, C. (2020). Sex Differences in Frail Older Adults with Foot Pain in a Spanish Population: An Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176141