Transcultural Differences in Risk Factors and in Triggering Reasons of Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviour in Young People with and without a Migration Background
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Self-harming and Suicide Attempt
1.2. Distinguishing Suicidal Ideation from Suicide Attempt
1.3. Risk Factors
1.4. Transcultural Risk Factors
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures and Measures
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample
3.2. Referral Reasons in the Different Patient Groups at Admission Time
3.3. Gender Differences in Referral Reasons among the Different Patient Groups
- Austrian patients: 14.6% vs. 6.3%
- BCS-speaking patients: 22.3% vs. 6.7%
- Turkish-speaking patients: 23.7% vs. 21.6%
- Austrian patients: 6.4% vs. 1.7%
- BCS-speaking patients: 3.9% vs. 3.3%
- Turkish-speaking patients: 5.4% vs. 2.7%
- Austrian patients: 11.8% vs. 12%
- BCS-speaking patients: 4.9% vs. 3.3%
- Turkish-speaking patients: 7.5% vs. 0%
3.4. Transcultural Differences in Triggering Factors for Suicide Attempts and Self-Harming Behaviour
3.5. Risk Factors and Triggering Reasons of Suicide Attempt and Self-Harming Behaviour
3.6. Missing Data
4. Discussion
4.1. Transcultural Differences among Natives and Migrants
4.2. Gender Differences among Natives and Migrants
4.3. Transcultural Differences in Risk Factors and Triggering Reasons
5. Conclusions
Limitations
- As the present study was based on a retrospective analysis, using only available data retrieved from hospital records, data on socio-demographic features and risk factors, were frequently incomplete, possibly due to a focus on emergency treatment priorities or barriers in more prominent communication in such situations.
- In the present study, we analysed Turkish-speaking and BCS-speaking children and adolescents with a migration background, living in Austria. Therefore, our results cannot be generalized to other groups of migrants living in Austria.
- Furthermore, Turkish-speaking children and adolescents might have different ethnic backgrounds such as Kurdish, but in the present study the religion or ethnic origin of the patients was not a part of the record. As families of Kurdish or Turkish backgrounds naturally have different religious and cultural norms, this fact might lead to bias in our results. Bosnians are mainly Muslim, Serbs orthodox, and again might have very different backgrounds relating to experiences of war or religious factors. These potential differences again could not be explored, due to the limitations of the available emergency room records.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Austrian Patients | Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian-Speaking Patients | Turkish-Speaking Patients | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Female | 451 | 56.4 | 103 | 63.2 | 93 | 71.5 | 647 | 59.2 |
Male | 349 | 43.6 | 60 | 36.8 | 37 | 28.5 | 446 | 40.8 |
Total | 800 | 100 | 163 | 100 | 130 | 100 | 1093 | 100 |
Referral Reasons | Austrian Patients (n = 800) | Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian-Speaking Patients (n = 163) | Turkish- Speaking Patients (n = 130) | Total (n = 1093) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Psychosis | 9 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.5 | 14 | 1.3 |
Alcohol intoxication | 12 | 1.5 | 0 | - | 0 | - | 12 | 1.1 |
Drug intoxication | 28 | 3.5 | 8 | 4.9 | 0 | - | 36 | 3.3 |
Suicide attempt | 88 | 11 | 27 | 16.6 | 30 | 23.1 | 145 | 13.3 |
Suicidal ideation | 96 | 12 | 7 | 4.3 | 7 | 5.4 | 110 | 10.1 |
Self-harming behaviour | 35 | 4.4 | 6 | 3.7 | 6 | 4.6 | 47 | 4.3 |
Acute stress disorder | 167 | 20.9 | 31 | 19 | 24 | 18.5 | 222 | 20.3 |
Depressive episode | 55 | 6.9 | 5 | 3.1 | 16 | 12.3 | 76 | 7 |
Anxiety and Panic disorder | 78 | 9.8 | 16 | 9.8 | 17 | 13.1 | 111 | 10.2 |
Child abuse | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.8 | 5 | 0.5 |
Eating disorder | 44 | 5.5 | 8 | 4.9 | 2 | 1.5 | 54 | 4.9 |
Pain | 37 | 4.6 | 13 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 63 | 5.8 |
Behavioural disorder | 118 | 14.8 | 24 | 14.7 | 10 | 7.7 | 152 | 13.9 |
School refusal | 17 | 2.1 | 8 | 4.9 | 0 | - | 25 | 2.3 |
Sexual abuse | 14 | 1.8 | 4 | 2.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 20 | 1.8 |
Personality disorders | 0 | - | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | - | 1 | 0.1 |
Total | 800 | 100 | 163 | 100 | 130 | 100 | 1093 | 100 |
Triggering Factors | Austrian Patients (n = 123) | Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian -Speaking Patients (n = 33) | Turkish- Speaking Patients (n = 36) | Total (n = 192) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | SH | SA | SH | SA | SH | SA | SH | |||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Intrafamilial problems | 34 | 38.6 | 18 | 51.4 | 15 | 55.6 | 3 | 50 | 17 | 56.7 | 3 | 50 | 66 | 45.5 | 24 | 51.1 |
Relationship/separation crises | 15 | 17 | 4 | 11.4 | 9 | 33.3 | 1 | 16.7 | 6 | 20 | 0 | - | 30 | 20.7 | 5 | 10.6 |
Trauma | 2 | 2.3 | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 4.3 |
Problems at school | 16 | 18.2 | 6 | 17.1 | 1 | 3.7 | 1 | 16.7 | 2 | 6.7 | 3 | 50 | 19 | 13.1 | 10 | 21.3 |
Psychological disorder | 14 | 15.9 | 4 | 11.4 | 1 | 3.7 | 1 | 16.7 | 0 | - | 0 | - | 15 | 10.3 | 5 | 10.6 |
Problems with peers | 2 | 2.3 | 0 | - | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | - | 2 | 6.7 | 0 | - | 5 | 3.4 | 0 | - |
Burdens due to physical disorders | 0 | - | 1 | 2.9 | 0 | - | 0 | - | 1 | 3.3 | 0 | - | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 2.1 |
Unknown reason | 5 | 5.7 | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - | 2 | 6.7 | 0 | - | 7 | 4.8 | 0 | - |
Total | 88 | 100 | 35 | 100 | 27 | 100 | 6 | 100 | 30 | 100 | 6 | 100 | 145 | 100 | 47 | 100 |
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Özlü-Erkilic, Z.; Wenzel, T.; Kothgassner, O.D.; Akkaya-Kalayci, T. Transcultural Differences in Risk Factors and in Triggering Reasons of Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviour in Young People with and without a Migration Background. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186498
Özlü-Erkilic Z, Wenzel T, Kothgassner OD, Akkaya-Kalayci T. Transcultural Differences in Risk Factors and in Triggering Reasons of Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviour in Young People with and without a Migration Background. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186498
Chicago/Turabian StyleÖzlü-Erkilic, Zeliha, Thomas Wenzel, Oswald D. Kothgassner, and Türkan Akkaya-Kalayci. 2020. "Transcultural Differences in Risk Factors and in Triggering Reasons of Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviour in Young People with and without a Migration Background" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186498