Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Physical Activity Intervention
2.4. Anthropometric Characteristics
2.5. Motor Skills Assessment
2.6. Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices—Raven’s CPM
2.7. Cognitive Assessment System—CAS
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Activity | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletics | x | x | x | ||||||
Sports games 1 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Gymnastics | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Yoga | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Outdoor activities | x | x | x | ||||||
Aerobic | x | x | x | x | |||||
Martial arts | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Dance | x |
Cohort | Intervention Group (n = 66) | Control Group (n = 66) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 0.158 |
Age group [n (%)] | |||
4.0–4.9 years | 22 (33.3%) | 14 (21.2%) | 0.271 |
5.0–5.9 years | 27 (40.9%) | 34 (51.5%) | |
6.0–7.0 years | 17 (25.8%) | 18 (27.3%) | |
Gender [n (%)] | |||
Boys | 40 (60.6%) | 32 (48.5%) | 0.162 |
Girls | 26 (39.4%) | 34 (51.5%) | |
Underweight and normal | 60 (90.9%) | 53 (80.3%) | 0.201 |
Overweight | 4 (6.1%) | 10 (15.2%) | |
Obesity | 2 (3%) | 3 (4.5%) |
Variable | Intervention Group (n = 66) | p-Value within Group between Time | Control Group (n = 66) | p-Value within Group between Time | p-Value for Group by Time Interaction | η2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||
Anthropometric characteristics | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 115.60 ± 6.80 | 118.57 ± 6.90 | <0.001 | 116.59 ± 5.95 | 119.77 ± 6.15 | <0.001 | 0.431 | 0.01 |
Weight (kg) | 21.27 ± 4.08 | 22.46 ± 4.41 | <0.001 | 22.16 ± 4.47 | 23.79 ± 4.79 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.10 |
Chest circumference (cm) | 56.96 ± 4.03 | 58.48 ± 4.07 | <0.001 | 58.22 ± 4.82 | 58.55 ± 6.14 | 0.490 | 0.022 | 0.04 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 55.06 ± 4.69 | 55.07 ± 5.04 | 0.966 | 54.36 ± 5.86 | 56.77 ± 6.35 | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.27 |
Forearm circumference (cm) | 16.88 ± 1.35 | 17.30 ± 1.39 | <0.001 | 17.31 ± 1.43 | 17.76 ± 1.46 | <0.001 | 0.740 | 0.00 |
Abdominal skinfold (mm) | 5.82 ± 2.63 | 6.13 ± 3.51 | 0.065 | 7.70 ± 4.85 | 7.72 ± 4.64 | 0.911 | 0.247 | 0.01 |
Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 5.13 ± 1.60 | 5.29 ± 1.86 | 0.121 | 6.03 ± 2.67 | 6.26 ± 3.07 | 0.076 | 0.613 | 0.00 |
Triceps skinfold (mm) | 8.57 ± 2.40 | 9.14 ± 3.20 | 0.002 | 9.51 ± 3.36 | 10.19 ± 3.69 | <0.001 | 0.634 | 0.00 |
Motor skills | ||||||||
20-m dash (s) | 5.55 ± 0.83 | 5.27 ± 0.66 | <0.001 | 5.57 ± 0.61 | 5.49 ± 0.54 | 0.053 | 0.016 | 0.04 |
Obstacle course backward (s) | 26.18 ± 8.23 | 21.52 ± 6.98 | <0.001 | 26.75 ± 9.66 | 23.53 ± 7.16 | <0.001 | 0.117 | 0.02 |
Standing broad jump (cm) | 108.09 ± 24.70 | 121.98 ± 20.44 | <0.001 | 111.21 ± 19.33 | 112.98 ± 19.06 | 0.258 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
Arm plate tapping (n/15 s) | 14.95 ± 2.98 | 17.88 ± 2.99 | <0.001 | 15.41 ± 2.94 | 18.50 ± 3.79 | <0.001 | 0.708 | 0.00 |
Seated straddle stretch (cm) | 37.53 ± 6.80 | 37.30 ± 7.82 | 0.722 | 37.03 ± 8.27 | 34.36 ± 8.38 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.05 |
Bent-arm hang (s) | 7.03 ± 7.70 | 13.18 ± 12.83 | <0.001 | 11.42 ± 9.30 | 7.42 ± 6.61 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
Crossed-arm sit-ups (n/min) | 16.32 ± 8.29 | 20.89 ± 9.50 | <0.001 | 15.56 ± 8.80 | 20.09 ± 8.59 | <0.001 | 0.977 | 0.00 |
Variable | Intervention Group | p-Value within Group between Time | Control Group | p-Value within Group between Time | p-Value | η2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||
Cognitive skills | (n = 66) | (n = 66) | ||||||
Raven’s Progressive Matrices in Colour (out of 36) | 19.88 ± 5.16 | 23.02 ± 6.14 | <0.001 | 19.45 ± 5.58 | 23.04 ± 5.66 | <0.001 | 0.779 | 0.00 |
Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) | (n = 23) | (n = 39) | ||||||
Matching Numbers | 8.22 ± 2.48 | 8.83 ± 3.12 | 0.252 | 6.97 ± 2.03 | 8.08 ± 2.38 | 0.003 | 0.419 | 0.01 |
Planned Codes | 19.26 ± 10.93 | 21.22 ± 9.78 | 0.300 | 14.97 ± 8.87 | 16.15 ± 9.01 | 0.528 | 0.782 | 0.00 |
Nonverbal Matrices | 12.61 ± 4.65 | 13.00 ± 3.17 | 0.718 | 10.10 ± 3.14 | 12.05 ± 3.65 | 0.001 | 0.156 | 0.03 |
Verbal–Spatial Relations | 14.39 ± 2.35 | 13.91 ± 2.72 | 0.373 | 12.74 ± 2.96 | 13.97 ± 2.18 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.08 |
Expressive Attention | 39.26 ± 13.40 | 45.35 ± 11.60 | 0.049 | 38.92 ± 11.33 | 41.28 ± 9.93 | 0.179 | 0.044 | 0.02 |
Number Detection | 26.17 ± 9.36 | 29.78 ± 11.17 | 0.065 | 21.38 ± 6.52 | 26.49 ± 9.21 | <0.001 | 0.505 | 0.01 |
Word Series | 9.91 ± 2.50 | 10.17 ± 3.04 | 0.534 | 9.87 ± 2.75 | 10.13 ± 2.23 | 0.433 | 0.993 | 0.00 |
Sentence Repetition | 5.83 ± 1.58 | 6.48 ± 2.10 | 0.155 | 6.03 ± 2.30 | 6.77 ± 2.35 | 0.006 | 0.848 | 0.00 |
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Jaksic, D.; Mandic, S.; Maksimovic, N.; Milosevic, Z.; Roklicer, R.; Vukovic, J.; Pocek, S.; Lakicevic, N.; Bianco, A.; Cassar, S.; et al. Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609
Jaksic D, Mandic S, Maksimovic N, Milosevic Z, Roklicer R, Vukovic J, Pocek S, Lakicevic N, Bianco A, Cassar S, et al. Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaksic, Damjan, Sandra Mandic, Nebojsa Maksimovic, Zoran Milosevic, Roberto Roklicer, Jovan Vukovic, Suncica Pocek, Nemanja Lakicevic, Antonino Bianco, Samuel Cassar, and et al. 2020. "Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609
APA StyleJaksic, D., Mandic, S., Maksimovic, N., Milosevic, Z., Roklicer, R., Vukovic, J., Pocek, S., Lakicevic, N., Bianco, A., Cassar, S., & Drid, P. (2020). Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609