Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Presence of Arterial Stiffness in the Prepubescent Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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A | All (n = 75) | Boys (n = 43; 57.3%) | Girls (n = 32; 42.7%) | p |
Age (years) | 10.05 ± 1.29 | 9.98 ± 1.32 | 10.16 ± 1.27 | 0.49 |
Weight (kg) | 57.13 ± 12.15 | 58.07 ± 12.69 | 55.86 ± 11.44 | 0.70 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.29 ± 3.5 | 25.48 ± 3.95 | 25.04 ± 2.92 | 0.38 |
WHtR | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.27 |
Growth Percentile | 99.55 ± 5.31 | 94.65 ± 6.22 | 96.75 ± 3.51 | 0.09 |
SBP (mmHg) | 106 ± 13 | 106 ± 14 | 107 ± 12 | 0.27 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70 ± 12 | 70 ± 12 | 69 ± 13 | 0.89 |
MAP (mmHg) | 81.92 ± 11.75 | 81.79 ± 11.81 | 82.09 ± 11.86 | 0.91 |
HR (bpm) | 81.99 ± 12.50 | 79.36 ± 11.51 | 85.44 ± 13.08 | 0.04 |
Adherence to MedDiet (points) | 9.35 ± 1.82 | 9.35 ± 1.92 | 9.34 ± 1.72 | 0.99 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 5.70 (5.30–6.20) | 5.8 (5.4–6.4) | 5.6 (5.2–6.0) | 0.59 |
B | All (n = 75) | Boys (n = 43; 57.3%) | Girls (n = 32; 42.7%) | p |
Height | 0.87 ± 1.08 | 0.98 ± 0.90 | 0.72 ± 1.28 | 0.1 |
Weight | 1.97 ± 1.30 | 2.00 ± 1.33 | 1.92 ± 1.27 | 0.7 |
BMI | 1.91 ± 1.12 | 1.94 ± 1.25 | 1.88 ± 0.92 | 0.1 |
SBP | 0.09 ± 1.22 | −0.02 ± 1.31 | 0.25 ± 1.11 | 0.3 |
DBP | 0.63 ± 1.09 | 0.60 ± 1.02 | 0.67 ±1.20 | 0.6 |
C | All (n = 75) | Boys (n = 43; 57.3%) | Girls (n = 32; 42.7%) | p |
Glucose (mg/dL) NV: 70–110 mg/dL | 79.32 ± 9.00 | 79.59 ± 7.05 | 78.97 ± 11.19 | 0.07 |
HbA1c (%) NV: 4.0–6.0 % | 5.25 ± 0.27 | 5.23 ± 0.26 | 5.28 ± 0.28 | 0.61 |
Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) NV: 4–16 µUI/mL | 15.58 ± 7.45 | 14.64 ± 7.38 | 16.87 ± 7.48 | 0.65 |
HOMA-IR NV: ≤3.4 | 3.08 ± 1.62 | 2.89 ± 1.56 | 3.34 ± 1.68 | 0.36 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) NV: <200 mg/dL | 151.07 ± 26.87 | 154.12 ± 30.37 | 147.03 ± 21.12 | 0.03 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) NV: <130 mg/dL | 85.00 ± 22.19 | 88.85 ± 25.45 | 79.90 ± 15.97 | 0.03 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) NV: >50 mg/dL | 50.03 ± 10.74 | 49.76 ± 10.87 | 50.39 ± 10.75 | 0.76 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) NV: <150 mg/dL | 67.50 (53.00–96.75) | 67.00 (48.00–89.50) | 68.00 (58.00–104.00) | 0.57 |
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria | ||||
Abdominal Circumference (≥90th percentile) | 8 (10.7%) | 6 (14.0%) | 2 (6.3%) | |
SBP (>130 mg/dL) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
DBP (>85 mg/dL) | 8 (10.7%) | 6 (14.0%) | 2 (6.3%) | |
Glucose (≥100 mg/dL) | 3 (4.1%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (6.5%) | |
HDL-Cholesterol (<40 mg/dL) | 10 (13.5%) | 6 (14%) | 4 (12.9%) | |
Triglycerides (>150 mg/dL) | 5 (6.8%) | 3 (7%) | 2 (6.5%) |
Parameters | All | Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | |
Weight (kg) | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.04 |
SDS BMI | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.007 | 0.18 | 0.33 |
WHtR | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.50 | <0.001 | −0.18 | 0.32 |
MAP (mmHg) | −0.01 | 0.94 | −0.22 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.14 |
HR (bpm) | −0.03 | 0.79 | 0.04 | 0.80 | −0.06 | 0.75 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.03 | 0.81 | −0.18 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.65 |
HbA1c (%) | −0.07 | 0.57 | 0.12 | 0.44 | −0.29 | 0.12 |
HOMA-IR | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.004 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.07 | 0.56 | −0.04 | 0.83 | −0.18 | 0.33 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.008 | 0.94 | −0.05 | 0.78 | 0.05 | 0.80 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.05 | 0.66 | −0.02 | 0.92 | −0.20 | 0.27 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.09 | 0.45 | −0.02 | 0.88 | −0.17 | 0.35 |
Parameters | All | Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Age (years) | 0.29 (0.08–0.49) | 0.06 | 0.19 (−0.05–0.44) | 0.12 | 0.18 (−0.12–0.49) | 0.23 |
SDS BMI | 0.39 (0.15–0.63) | 0.002 | 0.56 (0.32–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.17 (−0.06–0.09) | 0.66 |
MAP (mmHg) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) | 0.26 | −0.03 (−0.06–0.01) | 0.08 | 0.015 (−0.21–0.05) | 0.40 |
HR (bpm) | −0.001 (−0.02–0.2) | 0.96 | 0.01 (−0.02–0.02) | 0.95 | −0.01 (−0.05–0.02) | 0.38 |
HOMA-IR | 0.17 (0.11–0.22) | 0.003 | −0.07 (−0.26–0.12) | 0.48 | 0.38 (0.04–0.72) | 0.03 |
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Ruiz-Moreno, M.I.; Vilches-Perez, A.; Gallardo-Escribano, C.; Vargas-Candela, A.; Lopez-Carmona, M.D.; Pérez-Belmonte, L.M.; Ruiz-Moreno, A.; Gomez-Huelgas, R.; Bernal-Lopez, M.R. Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Presence of Arterial Stiffness in the Prepubescent Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196995
Ruiz-Moreno MI, Vilches-Perez A, Gallardo-Escribano C, Vargas-Candela A, Lopez-Carmona MD, Pérez-Belmonte LM, Ruiz-Moreno A, Gomez-Huelgas R, Bernal-Lopez MR. Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Presence of Arterial Stiffness in the Prepubescent Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):6995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196995
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Moreno, Maria Isabel, Alberto Vilches-Perez, Cristina Gallardo-Escribano, Antonio Vargas-Candela, Maria Dolores Lopez-Carmona, Luis Miguel Pérez-Belmonte, Alejandro Ruiz-Moreno, Ricardo Gomez-Huelgas, and Maria Rosa Bernal-Lopez. 2020. "Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Presence of Arterial Stiffness in the Prepubescent Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 6995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196995