Secondary Prevention of Depressive Prodrome in Adolescents: Before and after Attending a Jogging Program on Campus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample Participants
2.2. Modeling Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Inquiry | † Cronbach’s Alpha | Frequency N (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Risk | Mild | Moderate | High | ||||||||
* A | ** B | * A | ** B | * A | ** B | * A | ** B | * A | ** B | ||
Q1 | I have crying spells | 0.9 | 0.91 | 184 (65) | 184 (65) | 79 (28) | 68 (24) | 18 (6) | 26 (9) | 3 (1) | 6 (2) |
Q2 | I felt blue and depressed | 120 (42) | 120 (42) | 108 (38) | 108 (38) | 42 (15) | 42 (15) | 14 (5) | 14 (5) | ||
Q3 | I feel more likely than ever to lose my temper | 192 (68) | 192 (68) | 73 (26) | 66 (23) | 16 (5) | 20 (7) | 3 (1) | 6 (2) | ||
Q4 | I cannot sleep well | 178 (63) | 178 (63) | 72 (25) | 72 (25) | 29 (10) | 28 (10) | 5 (2) | 6 (2) | ||
Q5 | I have poor appetite | 208 (73) | 208 (73) | 54 (19) | 54 (19) | 22 (8) | 22 (8) | 0 | 0 | ||
Q6 | I feel stuffy in my chest | 214 (75) | 214 (75) | 46 (16) | 42 (15) | 20 (7) | 18 (6) | 4 (2) | 10 (4) | ||
Q7 | I feel insecure in my life | 130 (46) | 130 (46) | 104 (37) | 104 (37) | 40 (14) | 40 (14) | 10 (4) | 10 (4) | ||
Q8 | I feel tired and weak | 140 (49) | 140 (49) | 92 (32) | 92 (32) | 35 (12) | 34 (12) | 17 (6) | 18 (6) | ||
Q9 | I feel loss of pleasure in normal activities | 72 (25) | 72 (25) | 124 (44) | 124 (44) | 51 (18) | 50 (18) | 37 (13) | 38 (13) | ||
Q10 | I do not remember things well | 113 (40) | 92 (32) | 124 (44) | 98 (35) | 21 (7) | 40 (14) | 26 (9) | 54 (19) | ||
Q11 | I feel difficulty concentrating | 124 (44) | 104 (37) | 135 (48) | 130 (46) | 19 (7) | 36 (13) | 6 (2) | 14 (5) | ||
Q12 | I feel slow in action and thinking | 148 (52) | 168 (59) | 117 (41) | 78 (27) | 13 (5) | 24 (8) | 6 (2) | 14 (5) | ||
Q13 | I fear of failure very much | 142 (50) | 142 (50) | 82 (29) | 82 (29) | 37 (13) | 36 (13) | 23 (8) | 24 (8) | ||
Q14 | I have no hope of my life | 176 (62) | 192 (68) | 80 (28) | 68 (24) | 26 (9) | 16 (6) | 2 (1) | 8 (3) | ||
Q15 | I think I am going to be sick | 140 (49) | 176 (62) | 83 (29) | 74 (26) | 47 (17) | 28 (10) | 14 (5) | 6 (2) | ||
Q16 | I observe that the worst is happening | 192 (68) | 140 (49) | 68 (24) | 68 (24) | 16 (6) | 48 (17) | 8 (3) | 28 (10) |
Symptom | R | R2 | % | Eigenvalue (%) | Latent Factor of the Measure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loss confidence | Q13 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 18% | 6.16 (70%) | * AF1 (emotional comorbid) |
Feeling despondency | Q2 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 17% | ||
Persistent sadness | Q1 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 15% | ||
Sickness | Q15 | 0.69 | 0.47 | 13% | ||
Loss pleasure | Q9 | 0.66 | 0.43 | 12% | ||
Pessimistic delusion | Q16 | 0.57 | 0.32 | 9% | ||
Feeling insecurity | Q7 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 9% | ||
Irritability | Q3 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 7% | ||
Risk of suicide | Q14 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 22% | 1.33 (15%) | * AF2 (somatic comorbid) |
Sleep disturbance | Q4 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 20% | ||
Poor appetite | Q5 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 20% | ||
Feeling fatigue | Q8 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 15% | ||
Focus deficit | Q11 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 23% | ||
Poor memory | Q10 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 50% | 1.31 (15%) | * AF3 (cognitive comorbid) |
Action retarding | Q12 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 50% | ||
Persistent sadness | Q1 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 18% | 7.06 (74%) | ** BF1 (emotional comorbid) |
Feeling despondency | Q2 | 0.76 | 0.57 | 17% | ||
Irritability | Q3 | 0.56 | 0.32 | 10% | ||
Chest stuffy | Q6 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 8% | ||
Feeling insecurity | Q7 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 7% | ||
Loss pleasure | Q9 | 0.57 | 0.32 | 10% | ||
Loss confidence | Q13 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 16% | ||
Pessimistic delusion | Q16 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 14% | ||
Feeling fatigue | Q8 | 0.62 | 0.39 | 20% | 1.34 (14%) | ** BF2 (cognitive comorbid) |
Poor memory | Q10 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 27% | ||
Focus deficit | Q11 | 0.76 | 0.57 | 29% | ||
Action retarding | Q12 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 24% | ||
Sleep disturbance | Q4 | 0.72 | 0.51 | 34% | 1.15 (12%) | ** BF3 (somatic comorbid) |
Poor appetite | Q5 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 27% | ||
Sickness | Q15 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 39% |
Threshold | Latent Factor | FPR | Sensitivity | FNR | PP | PR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score 35 | BF1 | 0.04 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.23 |
BF2 | 0.29 | 0.63 | 0.11 | 0.71 | ||
BF3 | 0.1 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.9 | ||
BF1, BF2, BF3 covariate | 0.07 | 0.81 | 0.05 | 0.99 | ||
Score 36 | BF1 | 0.17 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.83 | 0.19 |
BF2 | 0.29 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.71 | ||
BF3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.8 | ||
BF1, BF2, BF3 covariate | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.99 | ||
Score 37 | BF1 | 0.2 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.83 | 0.17 |
BF2 | 0.32 | 0.79 | 0.04 | 0.68 | ||
BF3 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.6 | ||
BF1, BF2, BF3 covariate | 0.2 | 0.83 | 0.03 | -- | ||
Score 38 | BF1 | 0.21 | 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.14 |
BF2 | 0.43 | 0.8 | 0.04 | 0.57 | ||
BF3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.11 | 0.6 | ||
BF1, BF2, BF3 covariate | 0 | 0.34 | 0.02 | -- | ||
Score 35 | AF1 | 0.16 | 0.77 | 0.05 | 0.84 | 0.17 |
AF2 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.1 | 0.81 | ||
AF3 | 0.24 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.76 | ||
AF1, AF2, AF3 covariate | 0.22 | 0.9 | 0.02 | 0.99 | ||
Score 36 | AF1 | 0.3 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.7 | 0.14 |
AF2 | 0.23 | 0.5 | 0.08 | 0.77 | ||
AF3 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 0.76 | ||
AF1, AF2, AF3 covariate | 0 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.99 | ||
Score 37 | AF1 | 0.36 | 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.11 |
AF2 | 0.38 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.61 | ||
AF3 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.72 | ||
AF1, AF2, AF3 covariate | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.99 | ||
Score 38 | AF1 | 0.39 | 0.96 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
AF2 | 0.39 | 0.57 | 0.05 | 0.62 | ||
AF3 | 0.4 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.6 | ||
AF1, AF2, AF3 covariate | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.02 | -- |
Before Attending Campus Jogging Program | BQ1 | BQ2 | BQ3 | BQ4 | BQ5 | BQ6 | BQ7 | BQ8 | BQ9 | BQ10 | BQ11 | BQ12 | BQ13 | BQ14 | BQ15 | BQ16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BQ1 | 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
BQ2 | 0.74 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||
BQ3 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 0.00 | |||||||||||||
BQ4 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
BQ5 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.00 | |||||||||||
BQ6 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
BQ7 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.00 | |||||||||
BQ8 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 0.00 | ||||||||
BQ9 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 1.18 | 0.90 | 1.04 | 0.00 | |||||||
BQ10 | 1.31 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.32 | 1.39 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 0.00 | ||||||
BQ11 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 0.00 | |||||
BQ12 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 0.74 | 0.00 | ||||
BQ13 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 0.86 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.00 | |||
BQ14 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.29 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.00 | ||
BQ15 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 1.14 | 1.28 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.00 | |
BQ16 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 0.87 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 1.13 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 0.00 |
After Attending Campus Jogging Program | AQ1 | AQ2 | AQ3 | AQ4 | AQ5 | AQ6 | AQ7 | AQ8 | AQ9 | AQ10 | AQ11 | AQ12 | AQ13 | AQ14 | AQ15 | AQ16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQ1 | 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
AQ2 | 0.77 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||
AQ3 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 0.00 | |||||||||||||
AQ4 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
AQ5 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.00 | |||||||||||
AQ6 | 0.70 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
AQ7 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.00 | |||||||||
AQ8 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 0.00 | ||||||||
AQ9 | 1.09 | 0.90 | 1.21 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 0.90 | 1.04 | 0.00 | |||||||
AQ10 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.13 | 0.00 | ||||||
AQ11 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.00 | |||||
AQ12 | 0.80 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 1.14 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 0.00 | ||||
AQ13 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 0.86 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.10 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.00 | |||
AQ14 | 0.70 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 1.03 | 0.00 | ||
AQ15 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 0.94 | 0.00 | |
AQ16 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.00 |
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Yen, K.T.; Cherng, S. Secondary Prevention of Depressive Prodrome in Adolescents: Before and after Attending a Jogging Program on Campus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217705
Yen KT, Cherng S. Secondary Prevention of Depressive Prodrome in Adolescents: Before and after Attending a Jogging Program on Campus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217705
Chicago/Turabian StyleYen, Ke Tien, and Shen Cherng. 2020. "Secondary Prevention of Depressive Prodrome in Adolescents: Before and after Attending a Jogging Program on Campus" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217705