Relationship of Body Composition with the Strength and Functional Capacity of People over 70 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design-Participants
2.2. Procedure-Data Collection
2.3. Main Outcomes-Instrument
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- | Total (n = 143) | Female (n = 94) | Male (n = 49) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 27.51 ± 3.57 | 27.41 ± 3.93 | 27.71 ± 2.79 | 0.633 # |
Total lean mass (kg) | 42.14 ± 8.42 | 36.93 ± 3.48 | 52.13 ± 5.59 | <0.001 # |
Appendicular lean mass (ALM) (kg) | 17.64 ± 3.92 | 15.26 ± 1.72 | 22.23 ± 2.66 | <0.001 # |
ALM adjusted for BMI (ALM/BMI) | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | <0.001 # |
Fat mass (kg) | 23.41 ± 7.20 | 24.45 ± 7.20 | 21.44 ± 6.86 | 0.017 # |
Fat mass (%) | 34.31 ± 7093 | 37.83 ± 6.54 | 27.54 ± 5.65 | <0.001 # |
Bone mass (kg) | 2.29 ± 0.50 | 2.01 ± 0.32 | 2.82 ± 0.34 | <0.001 # |
Femoral neck bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.82 ± 0.11 | 0.79 ± 0.10 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | <0.001 # |
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.03 ± 0.16 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | <0.001 # |
Femur neck T-score | −1.56 ± 0.84 | −1.58 ± 0.84 | −1.53 ± 0.83 | 0.713 # |
Lumbar spine T-score | −1.39 ± 1.30 | −1.68 ± 1.25 | −0.83 ± 1.23 | <0.001 # |
Femur neck Z-score | 0.15 ± 0.79 | 0.23 ± 0.79 | −0.01 ± 0.78 | 0.085 # |
Lumbar spine Z-score | 0.24 ± 1.30 | 0.51 ± 1.21 | −0.29 ± 1.31 | <0.001 # |
Lean mass based on ALM adjusted for BMI (n (%)) | ||||
• Low | 49 (34.3) | 27 (28.7) | 22 (44.9) | <0.001 & |
• Adequate | 94 (65.7) | 67 (71.3) | 27 (55.1) | |
Osteoporosis status (n (%)) | ||||
• No | 102 (71.3) | 62 (66.0) | 40 (81.6) | <0.001 & |
• Yes | 41 (28.7) | 32 (34.0) | 9 (18.4) | |
Obesity according body fat percentage (n (%)) | ||||
• Obese | 107 (74.8) | 75 (79.8) | 32 (65.3) | <0.001 & |
• Normal | 36 (25.2) | 19 (20.2) | 17 (34.7) |
Sex | ALM Adjusted for BMI | p-Value | η2 p | p-Value (Gxsex) | η2 p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Adequate | |||||
Maximal isometric biceps strength (kg) | ||||||
Women | 16.30 ± 4.25 | 21.26 ± 5.40 | <0.001 | 0.156 | 0.508 | 0.003 |
Men | 31.90 ± 7.34 | 35.45 ± 8.23 | 0.190 | 0.037 | ||
Maximal dynamic biceps strength—1 RM (kg) | ||||||
Women | 11.13 ± 3.55 | 14.98 ± 5.22 | 0.001 | 0.108 | 0.240 | 0.010 |
Men | 30.45 ± 8.75 | 36.96 ± 8.45 | 0.018 | 0.116 | ||
Maximal isometric leg extension strength (kg) | ||||||
Women | 47.91 ± 14.83 | 61.67 ± 14.49 | <0.001 | 0.147 | 0.755 | 0.001 |
Men | 78.52 ± 16.97 | 94.45 ± 26.25 | 0.031 | 0.097 | ||
Maximal dynamic leg extension strength—1 RM (kg) | ||||||
Women | 45.61 ± 12.78 | 54.98 ± 12.32 | 0.002 | 0.096 | 0.805 | 0.000 |
Men | 68.68 ± 15.02 | 79.41 ± 14.86 | 0.027 | 0.102 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (left) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 18.76 ± 3.49 | 21.99 ± 3.86 | <0.001 | 0.126 | 0.914 | 0.000 |
Men | 32.14 ± 7.48 | 35.22 ± 6.78 | 0.235 | 0.030 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (right) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 19.93 ± 3.79 | 23.06 ± 4.41 | 0.003 | 0.094 | 0.219 | 0.011 |
Men | 33.23 ± 7.16 | 38.70 ± 6.32 | 0.012 | 0.130 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (the highest) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 20.33 ± 3.52 | 23.72 ± 4.08 | 0.001 | 0.125 | 0.341 | 0.007 |
Men | 33.95 ± 7.01 | 39.07 ± 6.09 | 0.016 | 0.120 | ||
Arm curl test (rep) | ||||||
Women | 15.85 ± 3.75 | 19.57 ± 3.54 | <0.001 | 0.175 | 0.018 | 0.040 |
Men | 16.23 ± 2.98 | 17.04 ± 2.78 | 0.448 | 0.013 | ||
Chair stand test (rep) | ||||||
Women | 17.11 ± 4.35 | 17.27 ± 2.73 | 0.940 | 0.000 | 0.262 | 0.009 |
Men | 17.50 ± 4.67 | 16.33 ± 3.17 | 0.140 | 0.047 | ||
Step-in-place (steps) | ||||||
Women | 96.44 ± 24.59 | 105.04 ± 12.61 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.758 | 0.001 |
Men | 105.18 ± 21.63 | 111.93 ± 18.00 | 0.301 | 0.023 | ||
8 foot up and go test (s) | ||||||
Women | 5.83 ± 1.52 | 5.11 ± 0.67 | 0.003 | 0.093 | 0.094 | 0.020 |
Men | 5.24 ± 1.10 | 5.14 ± 1.30 | 0.831 | 0.001 |
Sex | Osteoporosis | p-Value | η2 p | p-Value (Gxsex) | η2 p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||||
Maximal isometric biceps strength (kg) | ||||||
Women | 19.71 ± 5.42 | 20.08 ± 5.88 | 0.670 | 0.002 | 0.020 | 0.039 |
Men | 32.65 ± 7.29 | 39.23 ± 9.01 | 0.013 | 0.126 | ||
Maximal dynamic biceps strength—1 RM (kg) | ||||||
Women | 14.06 ± 5.15 | 13.51 ± 5.04 | 0.727 | 0.001 | 0.270 | 0.009 |
Men | 33.60 ± 5.99 | 36.00 ± 9.90 | 0.307 | 0.23 | ||
Maximal isometric leg extension strength (kg) | ||||||
Women | 58.65 ± 16.91 | 55.91 ± 13.47 | 0.505 | 0.005 | 0.627 | 0.002 |
Men | 87.10 ± 23.78 | 88.16 ± 24.97 | 0.808 | 0.001 | ||
Maximal dynamic leg extension strength—1 RM (kg) | ||||||
Women | 52.14 ± 14.58 | 52.59 ± 9.81 | 0.747 | 0.001 | 0.435 | 0.004 |
Men | 75.32 ± 15.49 | 71.36 ± 17.31 | 0.556 | 0.008 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (left) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 21.06 ± 4.17 | 21.06 ± 3.76 | 0.923 | 0.000 | 0.051 | 0.027 |
Men | 33.05 ± 7.40 | 37.33 ± 5.22 | 0.055 | 0.078 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (right) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 22.39 ± 4.63 | 27.72 ± 4.12 | 0.564 | 0.004 | 0.197 | 0.012 |
Men | 35.83 ± 7.20 | 38.11 ± 7.27 | 0.292 | 0.024 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (the highest) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 22.84 ± 4.39 | 22.56 ± 3.86 | 0.856 | 0.000 | 0.090 | 0.021 |
Men | 36.15 ± 7.03 | 39.56 ± 6.13 | 0.114 | 0.053 | ||
Arm curl test (rep) | ||||||
Women | 18.60 ± 3.94 | 18.33 ± 4.06 | 0.818 | 0.001 | 0.336 | 0.007 |
Men | 16.45 ± 3.40 | 17.67 ± 1.73 | 0.213 | 0.034 | ||
Chair stand test (rep) | ||||||
Women | 17.26 ± 3.36 | 17.16 ± 3.10 | 0.993 | 0.000 | 0.153 | 0.015 |
Men | 16.50 ± 3.68 | 18.44 ± 4.75 | 0.122 | 0.051 | ||
Step-in-place (steps) | ||||||
Women | 102.34 ± 16.86 | 103.03 ± 18.20 | 0.759 | 0.001 | 0.503 | 0.003 |
Men | 107.83 ± 20.07 | 113.67 ± 18.83 | 0.398 | 0.016 | ||
8 foot up and go test (s) | ||||||
Women | 5.31 ± 1.10 | 5.33 ± 0.91 | 0.980 | 0.000 | 0.988 | 0.000 |
Men | 5.18 ± 1.25 | 5.20 ± 10.5 | 0.903 | 0.000 |
Sex | Fat Percentage | p-Value | η2 p | p-Value (Gxsex) | η2 p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Obesity | |||||
Maximal isometric biceps strength (kg) | ||||||
Women | 21.26 ± 4.72 | 19.47 ± 5.72 | 0.174 | 0.020 | 0.358 | 0.006 |
Men | 36.17 ± 9.04 | 32.63 ± 7.17 | 0.043 | 0.086 | ||
Maximal dynamic biceps strength—1 RM (kg) | ||||||
Women | 12.58 ± 4.18 | 14.20 ± 5.27 | 0.246 | 0.015 | 0.601 | 0.002 |
Men | 33.32 ± 9.68 | 34.42 ± 8.91 | 0.718 | 0.003 | ||
Maximal isometric leg extension strength (kg) | ||||||
Women | 62.01 ± 17.08 | 56.62 ± 15.39 | 0.136 | 0.024 | 0.426 | 0.005 |
Men | 85.98 ± 26.10 | 88.00 ± 22.79 | 0.841 | 0.001 | ||
Maximal dynamic leg extension strength—1 RM (kg) | ||||||
Women | 53.87 ± 13.83 | 51.89 ± 12.97 | 0.464 | 0.006 | 0.472 | 0.004 |
Men | 72.43 ± 14.17 | 75.74 ± 15.73 | 0.994 | 0.000 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (left) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 21.53 ± 2.63 | 20.94 ± 4.30 | 0.522 | 0.005 | 0.454 | 0.004 |
Men | 32.94 ± 5.33 | 34.31 ± 8.05 | 0.941 | 0.000 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (right) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 23.11 ± 3.96 | 21.92 ± 4.56 | 0.250 | 0.014 | 0.145 | 0.015 |
Men | 34.71 ± 5.02 | 37.06 ± 8.06 | 0.542 | 0.008 | ||
Maximum hand grip strength (the highest) (kg) | ||||||
Women | 23.47 ± 3.51 | 22.56 ± 4.36 | 0.337 | 0.010 | 0.242 | 0.010 |
Men | 35.53 ± 4.76 | 37.44 ± 7.85 | 0.668 | 0.004 | ||
Arm curl test (rep) | ||||||
Women | 18.84 ± 3.06 | 18.42 ± 4.17 | 0.630 | 0.003 | 0.948 | 0.000 |
Men | 16.88 ± 2.89 | 16.56 ± 2.90 | 0.471 | 0.011 | ||
Chair stand test (rep) | ||||||
Women | 17.74 ± 2.23 | 17.09 ± 3.47 | 0.359 | 0.009 | 0.300 | 0.008 |
Men | 17.94 ± 4.09 | 16.28 ± 3.76 | 0.039 | 0.089 | ||
Step-in-place (steps) | ||||||
Women | 107.95 ± 11.15 | 101.21 ± 18.27 | 0.100 | 0.029 | 0.871 | 0.000 |
Men | 113.29 ± 18.97 | 106.56 ± 20.11 | 0.170 | 0.040 | ||
8 foot up and go test (s) | ||||||
Women | 4.97 ± 0.54 | 5.41 ± 1.12 | 0.085 | 0.032 | 0.513 | 0.003 |
Men | 5.15 ± 1.67 | 5.21 ± 0.90 | 0.333 | 0.020 |
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Patiño-Villada, F.A.; González-Bernal, J.J.; González-Santos, J.; de Paz, J.A.; Jahouh, M.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Romero-Pérez, E.M.; Soto-Cámara, R. Relationship of Body Composition with the Strength and Functional Capacity of People over 70 Years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217767
Patiño-Villada FA, González-Bernal JJ, González-Santos J, de Paz JA, Jahouh M, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Romero-Pérez EM, Soto-Cámara R. Relationship of Body Composition with the Strength and Functional Capacity of People over 70 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217767
Chicago/Turabian StylePatiño-Villada, Fredy Alonso, Jerónimo J González-Bernal, Josefa González-Santos, José Antonio de Paz, Maha Jahouh, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Ena Monserrat Romero-Pérez, and Raúl Soto-Cámara. 2020. "Relationship of Body Composition with the Strength and Functional Capacity of People over 70 Years" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217767