Subjective Well-Being in Early Adolescence: Observations from a Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Single Item Scales of Subjective Wellbeing
Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS)
Happiness Taking Into Account Overall Life (HOL)
2.2.2. Multiple Item Context Free Scale of Subjective Wellbeing
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS)
2.2.3. Multiple Item Domain Based Subjective Wellbeing Scales
Personal Well-Being Index (PWI)
Brief Multidimensional Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS)
2.3. Procedure and ethics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Single Item Scales of Subjective Wellbeing
Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS)
Happiness Overall (HOL)
3.2. Multiple Item Context Free Scale of Subjective Wellbeing
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS)
3.3. Multiple Item Domain Based Subjective Wellbeing Scale
Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI)
Brief Multidimensional Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Campbell, A.; Converse, P.E.; Rodgers, W.L. The Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions; Russell Sage: New York, NY, USA, 1976. [Google Scholar]
- Ben-Arieh, A.; Casas, F.; Frones, I.; Korbin, J.E. (Eds.) Multifaceted concept of child well-being. In Handbook of Child Well-Being; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 1, pp. 1–27. [Google Scholar]
- Steinmayr, R.; Wirthwein, L.; Modler, L.; Barry, M.M. Development of subjective well-being in adolescence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cummins, R.A.; Cahill, J. Avances en la comprensión de la calidad de vida subjetiva. [Advances in the comprehension of subjective quality of life]. Psychosoc. Int. 2000, 9, 185–198. [Google Scholar]
- Casas, F.; González-Carrasco, M. The evolution of positive and negative affect in a longitudinal sample of children and adolescents. Child Indic. Res. 2020, 13, 1503–1521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casas, F. Subjective social indicators and child and adolescent well-being. Child Indic. Res. 2011, 4, 555–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Carrasco, M.; Casas, F.; Viñas, F.; Malo, S.; Crous, G. The interplay between school and home location and its relationship with children’s subjective well-being. Child. Geogr. 2019, 17, 676–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bronfenbrenner, U. The Ecology of Human Development; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Bronfenbrenner, U.; Evans, G.W. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging theoretical models, research designs, and empirical findings. Soc. Dev. 2000, 9, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bronfenbrenner, U.; Morris, P. The ecology of developmental processes. In Handbook of Child Psychology; Theoretical Models of Human Development; Damon, W., Lerner, R.M., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1998; Volume 1, pp. 993–1027. [Google Scholar]
- Viejo, C.; Gómez-López, M.; Ortega-Ruiz, R. Adolescent’s psychological well-being: A multidimensional measure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Salmera-Aro, K.; Tuominen-Soini, H. Adolescent’s life satisfaction during the transition to post-comprensive education: Antecedents and consequences. J. Happiness Stud. 2010, 11, 683–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cummins, R.A. Normative life satisfaction: Measurement issues and homeostatic model. In Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research Methods: Methodological Developments and Issues; Zumbo, B., Ed.; Kluwer: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Cummins, R.A. Subjective wellbeing, homeostatically protected mood and depression: A synthesis. J. Happiness Stud. 2010, 11, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cummins, R.A. Understanding the well-being of children and adolescents through homeostatic theory. In Handbook of Child Well-Being; Ben-Arieh, A., Casas, F., Frones, I., Korbin, J.E., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 2, pp. 635–662. [Google Scholar]
- González-Carrasco, M.; Casas, F.; Malo, S.; Viñas, F.; Dinisman, T. Changes with age in subjective well-being through the adolescent years: Differences by gender. J. Happiness Stud. 2017, 18, 63–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Carrasco, M.; Casas, F.; Viñas, F.; Malo, S.; Gras, M.E.; Bedin, L. What leads subjective well-being to change throughout adolescence? An exploration of potential factors. Child Indic. Res. 2017, 10, 33–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sáez, M.; Vidiella-Martin, J.; López-Casasnovas, G. Collateral Damages of the Great Crisis in Spain. A Longitudinal Health Study; Economics Working Papers 1603; Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra: Barcelona, Spain, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Sáez, M.; López-Casanova, G. Assessing the effects on health inequalities of differential exposure and differential susceptibility of air pollution and environmental noise in Barcelona, 2007–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Landsford, J.E.; Banati, P. (Eds.) Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy; Oxford University Press: Oxford, OH, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Holte, A.; Barry, M.M.; Bekkhus, M.; Borge, A.I.H.; Bowes, L.; Casas, F.; Friborg, O.; Grinde, B.; Headey, B.W.; Jozefiak, T.; et al. Psychology of child well-being. In Handbood of Child Well-Being; Ben-Arieh, A., Casas, F., Frones, I., Korbin, J.E., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 1, pp. 555–631. [Google Scholar]
- Diener, E.; Emmons, R.; Larsen, R.; Smith, H.L. The satisfaction with life scale. J. Pers. Assess. 1985, 49, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rees, G.; Main, G. (Eds.) Children’s Views on Their Lives and Well-Being in 15 Countries: An Initial Report on the Children’s Worlds Survey, 2013–2014; Children’s Worlds Project (ISCWeB): York, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Huebner, E.S. Initial development of the students’ life satisfaction scale. Sch. Psychol. Int. 1991, 12, 231–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casas, F.; Sarriera, J.C.; Abs, D.; Coenders, G.; Alfaro, J.; Saforcada, E.; Tonon, G. Subjective indicators of personal well-being among adolescents. Performance and results for different scales in Latin-language speaking countries: A contribution to the international debate. Child Indic. Res. 2012, 5, 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casas, F.; Sarriera, J.C.; Alfaro, J.; González, M.; Malo, S.; Bertran, I. Testing the Personal Well-Being Index in 12-16 year-old adolescents in 3 different countries with 2 new items. Soc. Indic. Res. 2012, 105, 461–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cummins, R.A.; Lau, A.L.D. Personal Well-Being Index-SCHOOL Children (PWI-SC) (English), 3rd ed.; Manual 2005; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2005; Available online: http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/PWI/PWI-school.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2006).
- Casas, F.; González, M.; Navarro, D.; Aligué, M. Children as advisers of their researchers: Assuming a different status for children. Soc. Indic. Res. 2013, 6, 193–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seligson, J.L.; Huebner, E.S.; Valois, R.F. Preliminary validation of the Brief Multidimensional Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale. Soc. Indic. Res. 2003, 61, 121–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seligson, J.L.; Huebner, E.S.; Valois, R.F. An investigation of a Brief Life Satisfaction Scale with elementary school children. Soc. Indic. Res. 2005, 73, 355–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huebner, E.S.; Seligson, J.L.; Valois, R.F.; Suldo, S.M. A review of the brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale. Soc. Indic. Res. 2006, 79, 477–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rue, H.; Martino, S.; Chopin, N. Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models using integrated nested Laplace approximations (with discussion). J. R. Stat. Soc. B. 2009, 71, 319–392. [Google Scholar]
- Rue, H.; Riebler, A.; Sørbye, H.; Illian, J.B.; Simpson, D.P.; Lindgren, F.K. Bayesian computing with INLA: A review. Annu. Rev. Stat. Appl. 2017, 4, 395–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Simpson, D.P.; Rue, H.; Martins, T.G.; Riebler, A.; Sørbye, S.H. Penalising model component complexity: A principled, practical approach to constructing priors (with discussion). Stat. Sci. 2017, 32, 1–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R Core Team, R. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing; R Core Team: Vienna, Austria, 2020; Available online: https://www.r-project.org (accessed on 20 July 2020).
- R INLA Project. 2020. Available online: http://www.r-inla.org/ (accessed on 25 July 2020).
- Shek, D.; Liang, L.-Y. Psychosocial factors influencing individual well-being in Chinese adolescents in Honh Kong: A six-year longitudinal study. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 2018, 13, 561–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eagley, A.H.; Wood, W. Social role theory. In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology; Van Lange, P.A.M., Kruglanski, A.W., Tory Higgins, E., Eds.; SAGE: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2012; Volume 2, pp. 458–476. [Google Scholar]
- Casas, F.; González-Carrasco, M. Subjective Well-Being decreasing with age: New research on children over 8. Child Dev. 2019, 90, 375–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldbeck, L.; Schmitz, T.G.; Nesier, T.; Herschbach, P.; Henrich, G. Life satisfaction decreases during adolescence. Qual. Life Res. 2007, 16, 969–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Data Collections and Cohorts | Number of Years the Child Answered the Questionnaire | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Cohort (year of birth) | 1998 | 16 | 134 | 40 | 39 | 0 | 229 |
1999 | 25 | 82 | 69 | 22 | 13 | 211 | |
2000 | 28 | 86 | 51 | 86 | 39 | 290 | |
2001 | 18 | 88 | 27 | 31 | 69 | 233 | |
2002 | 11 | 76 | 61 | 35 | 68 | 251 | |
2003 | 77 | 112 | 136 | 0 | 0 | 325 | |
2004 | 29 | 46 | 132 | 0 | 0 | 207 | |
2005 | 57 | 131 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 211 | |
2006 | 223 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 223 | |
Total | 484 | 755 | 539 | 213 | 189 | 2180 |
Cohort and Gender | Cohort | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | ||||
boy | Number of years the child answered the questionnaire | 1 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 9 | 5 | 39 | 11 | 26 | 99 | 221 |
2 | 59 | 39 | 45 | 49 | 37 | 52 | 19 | 59 | 0 | 359 | ||
3 | 21 | 25 | 19 | 19 | 35 | 68 | 54 | 8 | 0 | 249 | ||
4 | 17 | 10 | 35 | 14 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 85 | ||
5 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 40 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 87 | ||
Total | 105 | 85 | 127 | 131 | 118 | 159 | 84 | 93 | 99 | 1001 | ||
girl | Number of years the child answered the questionnaire | 1 | 8 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 38 | 18 | 31 | 124 | 262 |
2 | 75 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 60 | 27 | 72 | 0 | 396 | ||
3 | 19 | 44 | 32 | 8 | 26 | 68 | 78 | 15 | 0 | 290 | ||
4 | 22 | 12 | 51 | 17 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 128 | ||
5 | 0 | 11 | 26 | 29 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 102 | ||
Total | 124 | 126 | 163 | 102 | 133 | 166 | 123 | 118 | 124 | 1179 | ||
Total | Number of years the child answered the questionnaire | 1 | 16 | 25 | 28 | 18 | 11 | 77 | 29 | 57 | 223 | 483 |
2 | 134 | 82 | 86 | 88 | 76 | 112 | 46 | 131 | 0 | 755 | ||
3 | 40 | 69 | 51 | 27 | 61 | 136 | 132 | 23 | 0 | 539 | ||
4 | 39 | 22 | 86 | 31 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 213 | ||
5 | 0 | 13 | 39 | 69 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 189 | ||
Total | 229 | 211 | 290 | 233 | 251 | 325 | 207 | 211 | 223 | 2180 |
Coefficients | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile | Probability of Coefficient Differing from Zero | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 86.23 | 85.46 | 87.00 | 1.00 |
gender (girls) | −1.18 | −2.22 | −0.14 | 0.99 |
Gender | Year of Data Collection | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1st | 5.70 | 0.51 | 4.69 | 6.70 |
2nd | 2.59 | 0.48 | 1.65 | 3.53 | |
3rd | −1.19 | 0.42 | −2.00 | −0.37 | |
4th | −2.77 | 0.45 | −3.66 | −1.88 | |
5th | −4.32 | 0.51 | −5.32 | −3.32 | |
Girls | 1st | 6.94 | 0.47 | 6.03 | 7.86 |
2nd | 3.66 | 0.44 | 2.79 | 4.53 | |
3rd | −0.83 | 0.39 | −1.59 | −0.07 | |
4th | −3.44 | 0.43 | −4.28 | −2.60 | |
5th | −6.33 | 0.48 | −7.27 | −5.38 |
Gender | Cohort | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1998 | −7.71 | 0.97 | −9.62 | −5.81 |
1999 | −5.39 | 0.95 | −7.26 | −3.52 | |
2000 | −3.10 | 0.82 | −4.72 | −1.49 | |
2001 | −1.059 | 0.79 | −2.61 | 0.50 | |
2002 | −0.20 | 0.81 | −1.79 | 1.38 | |
2003 | 3.83 | 0.83 | 2.20 | 5.46 | |
2004 | 5.81 | 0.96 | 3.93 | 7.69 | |
2005 | 7.83 | 1.13 | 5.62 | 10.04 | |
Girls | 1998 | −11.19 | 0.90 | −12.97 | −9.41 |
1999 | −8.32 | 0.84 | −9.97 | −6.68 | |
2000 | −5.37 | 0.73 | −6.80 | −3.94 | |
2001 | −0.54 | 0.85 | −2.21 | 1.11 | |
2002 | 1.55 | 0.76 | 0.05 | 3.04 | |
2003 | 4.53 | 0.81 | 2.95 | 6.11 | |
2004 | 7.27 | 0.85 | 5.59 | 8.94 | |
2005 | 12.07 | 1.02 | 10.06 | 14.08 |
Coefficients | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile | Probability of Coefficient Different from Zero | |
---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | 85.91 | 85.14 | 86.69 | 1.00 |
gender (girls) | −1.46 | −2.50 | −0.41 | 0.99 |
Gender | Year of Data Collection | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1st | 6.43 | 0.48 | 5.481 | 7.35 |
2nd | 3.42 | 0.44 | 2.52 | 4.27 | |
3rd | −1.20 | 0.38 | −1.95 | −0.452 | |
4th | −3.37 | 0.41 | −4.18 | −2.55 | |
5th | −5.28 | 0.48 | −6.21 | −4.31 | |
Girls | 1st | 7.08 | 0.43 | 6.24 | 7.95 |
2nd | 3.84 | 0.41 | 3.04 | 4.66 | |
3rd | −1.22 | 0.35 | −1.91 | −0.56 | |
4th | −3.61 | 0.39 | −4.38 | −2.83 | |
5th | −6.09 | 0.45 | −7.00 | −5.21 |
Gender | Cohort | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1998 | −9.47 | 0.96 | −11.34 | −7.56 |
1999 | −7.14 | 0.93 | −8.97 | −5.31 | |
2000 | −3.781 | 0.82 | −5.35 | −2.13 | |
2001 | −1.43 | 0.78 | −2.97 | 0.09 | |
2002 | −0.17 | 0.84 | −1.87 | 1.42 | |
2003 | 4.26 | 0.83 | 2.67 | 5.94 | |
2004 | 7.24 | 0.93 | 5.41 | 9.08 | |
2005 | 10.51 | 1.15 | 8.20 | 12.70 | |
Girls | 1998 | −11.28 | 0.90 | −13.08 | −9.54 |
1999 | −8.22 | 0.83 | −9.85 | −6.59 | |
2000 | −4.95 | 0.73 | −6.41 | −3.53 | |
2001 | −1.11 | 0.83 | −2.72 | 0.53 | |
2002 | 1.28 | 0.79 | −0.22 | 2.86 | |
2003 | 3.40 | 0.81 | 2.37 | 5.55 | |
2004 | 7.72 | 0.84 | 6.06 | 9.37 | |
2005 | 12.57 | 1.04 | 10.56 | 14.64 |
Coefficients | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile | Probability of Coefficient Differing from Zero | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 78.33 | 76.87 | 79.79 | 1.00 |
gender (girls) | −4.57 | −6.27 | −2.87 | 0.99 |
Gender | Year of Data Collection | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1st | 6.45 | 0.71 | 5.06 | 7.85 |
2nd | 2.55 | 0.58 | 1.41 | 3.70 | |
3rd | −1.62 | 0.53 | −2.67 | −0.58 | |
4th | −3.02 | 0.58 | −4.16 | −1.87 | |
5th | −4.37 | 0.68 | −5.71 | −3.03 | |
Girls | 1st | 6.32 | 0.62 | 5.09 | 7.54 |
2nd | 2.18 | 0.54 | 1.11 | 3.25 | |
3rd | −1.54 | 0.50 | −2.53 | −0.55 | |
4th | −2.31 | 0.56 | −3.41 | −1.21 | |
5th | −4.65 | 0.65 | −5.93 | −3.37 |
Gender | Cohort | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1998 | −8.21 | 1.28 | −10.73 | −5.70 |
1999 | −5.98 | 1.21 | −8.36 | −3.61 | |
2000 | −2.88 | 1.07 | −4.99 | −0.78 | |
2001 | −1.07 | 1.06 | −3.15 | 1.00 | |
2002 | −0.87 | 1.11 | −3.06 | 1.313 | |
2003 | 3.96 | 1.05 | 1.88 | 6.03 | |
2004 | 7.90 | 1.32 | 5.31 | 10.50 | |
2005 | 7.17 | 2.70 | 1.86 | 12.47 | |
Girls | 1998 | −8.50 | 1.22 | −10.90 | −6.11 |
1999 | −6.05 | 1.13 | −8.27 | −3.83 | |
2000 | −2.89 | 1.00 | −4.87 | −0.92 | |
2001 | −0.42 | 1.08 | −2.54 | 1.70 | |
2002 | −0.06 | 1.09 | −2.19 | 2.08 | |
2003 | 3.63 | 1.04 | 1.59 | 5.66 | |
2004 | 7.45 | 1.24 | 5.01 | 9.89 | |
2005 | 6.84 | 2.66 | 1.61 | 12.07 |
Coefficients | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile | Probability of Coefficient Differing from Zero | |
---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | 85.55 | 84.74 | 86.35 | 1.00 |
gender (girls) | −1.23 | −2.01 | −0.44 | 0.99 |
Gender | Year of Data Collection | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1st | 3.74 | 0.40 | 2.96 | 4.52 |
2nd | 2.01 | 0.35 | 1.32 | 2.70 | |
3rd | −0.56 | 0.30 | −1.15 | 0.026 | |
4th | −2.36 | 0.33 | −3.02 | −1.71 | |
5th | −2.83 | 0.40 | −3.61 | −2.04 | |
Girls | 1st | 5.63 | 0.36 | 4.93 | 6.33 |
2nd | 2.89 | 0.32 | 2.25 | 3.52 | |
3rd | −0.63 | 0.27 | −1.17 | −0.093 | |
4th | −2.93 | 0.31 | −3.54 | −2.32 | |
5th | −4.96 | 0.38 | −5.71 | −4.21 |
Gender | Cohort | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1998 | −6.47 | 0.78 | −8.00 | −4.92 |
1999 | −4.21 | 0.76 | −5.72 | −2.73 | |
2000 | −1.73 | 0.66 | −3.01 | −0.41 | |
2001 | −0.87 | 0.61 | −2.07 | 0.31 | |
2002 | −0.53 | 0.63 | −1.79 | 0.69 | |
2003 | 3.40 | 0.65 | 2.15 | 4.70 | |
2004 | 4.71 | 0.76 | 3.20 | 6.21 | |
2005 | 5.71 | 0.96 | 3.81 | 7.58 | |
Girls | 1998 | −9.81 | 0.74 | −11.28 | −8.36 |
1999 | −6.13 | 0.67 | −7.46 | −4.80 | |
2000 | −3.65 | 0.59 | −4.83 | −2.49 | |
2001 | −1.02 | 0.65 | −2.29 | 0.26 | |
2002 | 0.71 | 0.59 | −0.44 | 1.88 | |
2003 | 3.85 | 0.62 | 2.61 | 5.06 | |
2004 | 6.67 | 0.68 | 5.33 | 8.03 | |
2005 | 9.38 | 0.88 | 7.66 | 11.13 |
Coefficients | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile | Probability of Coefficient Differing from Zero | |
---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | 84.92 | 84.28 | 85.55 | 1.00 |
gender (girls) | −1.75 | −2.60 | −0.89 | 0.99 |
Gender | Year of Data Collection | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1st | 6.04 | 0.37 | 5.32 | 6.77 |
2nd | 3.08 | 0.36 | 2.37 | 3.79 | |
3rd | −1.11 | 0.31 | −1.72 | −0.50 | |
4th | −3.83 | 0.34 | −4.50 | −3.16 | |
5th | −4.18 | 0.38 | −4.92 | −3.44 | |
Girls | 1st | 7.21 | 0.33 | 6.55 | 7.86 |
2nd | 3.80 | 0.32 | 3.17 | 4.44 | |
3rd | −0.85 | 0.28 | −1.40 | −0.29 | |
4th | −3.46 | 0.32 | −4.08 | −2.84 | |
5th | −6.70 | 0.35 | −7.39 | −6.01 |
Gender | Cohort | M | SD | 0.025 Quantile | 0.975 Quantile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1998 | −9.63 | 0.79 | −11.18 | −8.08 |
1999 | −5.84 | 0.80 | −7.39 | −4.22 | |
2000 | −3.11 | 0.69 | −4.44 | −1.74 | |
2001 | −1.65 | 0.67 | −2.98 | −0.36 | |
2002 | −0.45 | 0.68 | −1.81 | 0.87 | |
2003 | 4.28 | 0.70 | 2.94 | 5.69 | |
2004 | 7.069 | 0.79 | 5.51 | 8.62 | |
2005 | 9.33 | 0.95 | 7.44 | 11.15 | |
Girls | 1998 | −11.27 | 0.74 | −12.73 | −9.83 |
1999 | −7.79 | 0.71 | −9.19 | −6.41 | |
2000 | −4.37 | 0.61 | −5.59 | −3.18 | |
2001 | −1.00 | 0.72 | −2.38 | 0.43 | |
2002 | 0.58 | 0.64 | −0.67 | 1.85 | |
2003 | 4.07 | 0.68 | 2.71 | 5.38 | |
2004 | 8.07 | 0.70 | 6.68 | 9.45 | |
2005 | 11.71 | 0.85 | 10.07 | 13.40 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
González-Carrasco, M.; Sáez, M.; Casas, F. Subjective Well-Being in Early Adolescence: Observations from a Five-Year Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218249
González-Carrasco M, Sáez M, Casas F. Subjective Well-Being in Early Adolescence: Observations from a Five-Year Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218249
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Carrasco, Mònica, Marc Sáez, and Ferran Casas. 2020. "Subjective Well-Being in Early Adolescence: Observations from a Five-Year Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218249