Perceived Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Parental Differences in Parenting
1.2. Parental Differences in Chinese Contexts
1.3. Research Questions and Hypotheses
2. Methods
2.1. Identification of Studies
2.2. Data Analysis
2.3. Effect Size Computation
2.4. Variance Ratio Computation
2.5. Random-Effect Model
2.6. Between-Study Heterogeneity
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Overall Perceptions of Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes
3.4. Subgroup Analysis—Study Design
3.5. Subgroup Analysis—Gender
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Geographic Location | N | Mean Age | Female % | SD | M/F | Measure | Dimension |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang, M. (2019) [18] | Jinan | 867 | 12.47 | 46.4 | CS | N | Parental Warmth subscale of Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PASCQ) | Warmth |
Shek (2000) [20] | Hong Kong | 429 (T1) | 12–16 | 49.3 | LS | Y | Paternal/Maternal Treatment Scale (PTS; MTS) | Concern; Harshness |
378 (T2) | Paternal/Maternal Parenting Style Scale (PPS; MPS) | Responsiveness; Demandingness | ||||||
Leung and Shek (2014) [21] | Hong Kong | 275 | 13.56 | 51.3 | CS | N | Paternal and Maternal Parenting Style Scale (PPS; MPS) | Responsiveness; Demandingness |
Chinese Paternal and Maternal Control Scale (APCS; AMCS) | Control | |||||||
Chen, B. (2017) [22] | Shanghai | 384 | 15.13 | 50.4 | CS | N | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Trust; Communication; Alienation |
Lai Kwok and Shek (2010) [23] | Hong Kong | 5557 | 13.87 | NR | CS | Y | Father-/Mother-Adolescent Communication Scale (FACS; MACS) | Communication |
Liu, Q., Fang et al. (2013) [25] | Jinan and Beijing | 4559 | 15.00 | 51.5 | CS | Y | Closeness to Parents Scale | Parent-child Relationship |
Su, Yu et al. (2018) [26] | Guangzhou | 1490 (T1–T3) | 12.03 | 45.4 | LS | N | Parent-child Relationship Questionnaire | Parent-child Relationship |
Shek, Zhu, & Ma (2018) [27]; Shek, Zhu, & Dou (2019) [28] | Hong Kong | 3328 (T1) | 12.59–15.57 | 47.6–48.7 | LS | N | Parent-Child Subsystem Quality Scale (PCSQS) | Psychological Control; Behavioral Control; Parent-child Relationship |
2905 (T2) | ||||||||
2860 (T3) | ||||||||
3074 (T4–T6) | ||||||||
Chen, X., Liu, & Li (2000) [32] | Shanghai | 202 | 11.92 | 52.5 | CS | Y | Children’s Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) | Warmth; Harshness |
Self-developed 6-item Measure | Indulgence | |||||||
Shek (2007) [33] | Hong Kong | 3017 (T1) | 12.65 | 55.7 | LS | Y | Paternal/Maternal Psychological Control Scale (CPPCS; CMPCS) – Chinese version | Psychological Control |
2758 (T2) | ||||||||
Bush, Peterson et al. (2002) [44] | Beijing | 480 | 15.42 | 50.4 | CS | N | Parent Behavior Measure (PBM) | Support; Reasoning; Monitoring; Punitiveness; Love Withdrawal; Autonomy |
Peterson, Cobas et al. (2005) [45] | Beijing | 497 | 15.42 | 50.4 | CS | N | Parent Behavior Measure (PBM) | Support; Reasoning; Monitoring; Punitiveness; Autonomy |
Xia, Wang et al. (2015) [46] | Hangzhou | 589 | 15.76 | 60.0 | CS | N | Parent Behavior Measure (PBM)—Modified | Guilt Induction; Reasoning; Monitoring; Punitiveness; Love Withdrawal; Involvement; Permissiveness |
Jiang, You et al. (2017) [47] | Qingyuan | 658 | 13.58 | 40.1 | CS | N | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Trust; Communication; Alienation |
Li, J., Delvecchio et al. (2014) [48] | Guangzhou | 350 | 14.17 | 47.7 | CS | N | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Trust; Communication; Alienation |
Mothander and Wang (2014) [49] | Beijing | 510 | 14.05–17.14 | 52.9 | CS | Y | Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C) | Overprotection; Rejection; Warmth; Anxious Rearing |
Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Composite Score (Trust, Communication, Alienation) | |||||||
Nie, Li et al. (2016) [50] | Guangzhou | 607 | 14.43 | 52.9 | CS | N | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Composite Score (Trust, Communication, Alienation) |
Pan, Zhang et al. (2016) [51] | Six regions of China | 1506 | 15.21 | 49.8 | CS | Y | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Composite Score (Trust, Communication, Alienation) |
Song, Thompson, & Ferrer (2009) [52] | Guangzhou | 314 | 13.76–16.72 | 54.5 | CS | N | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Trust; Communication; Alienation |
Lai and McBride-Chang (2001) [53] | Hong Kong | 120 | 16.10 | 62.5 | CS | N | Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) | Care; Overprotection |
Yu, Wang et al. (2007) [54] | China | 167 | 15.90 | 55.7 | CS | N | Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) | Care; Overprotection; Autonomy |
Zhu, Luo et al. (2014) [55] | Changsha | 594 | 16.70 | 56.6 | CS | N | Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) | Overprotection |
Ngai, Cheung et al. (2018) [56] | Hong Kong | 1997 | 14.60 | 50.3 | CS | Y | Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)—Modified | Care; Indifference; Autonomy; Overprotection |
Chen, X., Bian et al. (2010) [57] | Miyun District | 1359 | 13.60–13.90 | 47.8 | CS | N | Children’s Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) & Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR)—Modified | Warmth; Harshness; Autonomy |
Stolz, Barber et al. (2004) [58] | Beijing | 970 | 14–17 | 54.5 | CS | N | Acceptance subscale of Children’s Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) | Support |
Parental Monitoring Measure | Monitoring | |||||||
Psychological Control Scale | Psychological Control | |||||||
Li, X. (2014) [59] | Southeast China | 305 | 13.57 | 55.0 | CS | Y | Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) | Rejection |
Quach, Epstein et al. (2015) [60] | Beijing | 997 | 16.60 –17.10 | 52.0 | CS | Y | Warmth/Affection Scale of Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) | Warmth |
Inventory of Parental Influence (IPI) | Pressure | |||||||
Wong, De Man, & Leung (2002) [61] | Hong Kong | 365 | 14.09 | 51.2 | CS | N | Warmth/Affection subscale of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) | Warmth |
Adolescent subscale of Autonomy-Control Scale | Autonomy | |||||||
Wang, J., Shi et al. (2019) [62] | Beijing | 2775 | 15.70 | 55.3 | CS | N | Modified from Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C), Ghent Parental Behavior Scale (GPBS), Psychological Control Scale, & Parental Monitoring Measure | Warmth; Behavioral Guidance; Harsh Discipline |
Xu, J., Ni et al. (2017) [63] | Guangdong | 1345 | 13.70 | 40.7 | CS | Y | Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran for Children | Overprotection; Rejection; Emotional Warmth |
To, Helwig, & Yang (2017) [64] | Guangzhou and Northern Guangdong | 395 | 13.90–16.99 | 52.7 | CS | N | Perception of Parents Scale (POPS) | Autonomy; Responsiveness |
Liu, G., Zhang et al. (2013) [65] | Jinan | 550 | 13.58–17.39 | 54.9 | CS | N | Perceptions of Parents Scale (POPS) | Involvement |
Liu and Chang (2016) [66] | Northern Taiwan | 329 | 13.32 | 42.9 | CS | N | Paternal/Maternal Psychological Control Scale (PPCS; MPCS) | Psychological Control |
Paternal/Maternal Behavioral Control Scale (PBCS; MBCS) | Behavioral Control | |||||||
Li, X. M., Mao et al. (2010) [67] | Nanjing | 982 | 15.13–15.99 | 49.6 | CS | Y | Authoritative Parenting Index | Responsiveness; Demandingness |
Wang, M., Deng, & Du. (2018) [68] | Eastern China | 815 | 12.55 | 42.7 | CS | Y | Harsh Discipline Scale | Harsh Discipline |
Xu, X., Lou et al. (2017) [69] | Guangdong, Hubei, and Henan | 401 | 16.13 | 60.6 | CS | N | Psychological Control – Disrespect Scale (PCDS) | Psychological Control |
Zhao, Liu, & Wang (2015) [70] | Henan | 241 | 13.86–13.92 | 41.9 | CS | N | Family Adaptation and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II Inventory (FACES) | Cohesion |
Chen and Astor (2011) [71] | Taiwan | 7841 | Grade 10–12 | 51.3 | CS | Y | Self-developed 5-item Measure | Monitoring |
Chen and Astor (2012) [72] | Taiwan | 3058 | Grade 7–9 | 49.5 | CS | Y | Self-developed 5-item Measure | Monitoring |
Liu, R., Lin, & Chen (2010) [73] | Fuzhou | 1924 | 12–13 | 49.0 | CS | N | Self-developed 7-item Measure | Responsiveness |
Wang, Y., Chan, Lin et al. (2015) [74] | Taiwan | 1990 | 13.30 | 50.3 | CS | N | Self-developed 8-item Measure | Warmth; Harsh Discipline |
Pan, Hu et al. (2017) [75] | Sichuan and Chongqing | 595 | 12.86 | 52.4 | CS | N | Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) | Composite Score (Trust, Communication, Alienation) |
Variable | k | #ES | VR | d | 95% CI | Heterogeneity Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Q-Value | I2 | |||||
Overall Effect a | 42 | 99 | 1.021 | −0.12 *** | −0.17 | −0.06 | 4066.63 *** | 97.6% |
Study Design | ||||||||
Cross-sectional | 38 | 90 | 1.021 | −0.10 *** | −0.16 | −0.04 | 3174.73 *** | 97.2% |
Longitudinal b | 4 | 9 | 1.012 | −0.26 * | −0.49 | −0.02 | 3383.05 *** | 99.8% |
Gender | ||||||||
Adolescent males a | 14 | 30 | 1.012 | −0.07 | −0.15 | 0.01 | 396.51 *** | 92.7% |
Adolescent females a | 14 | 30 | 1.009 | −0.10 * | −0.19 | −0.00 | 645.59 *** | 95.5% |
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Dou, D.; Shek, D.T.L.; Kwok, K.H.R. Perceived Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238741
Dou D, Shek DTL, Kwok KHR. Perceived Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238741
Chicago/Turabian StyleDou, Diya, Daniel T. L. Shek, and Ka Ho Robin Kwok. 2020. "Perceived Paternal and Maternal Parenting Attributes among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238741