Body Weight Dissatisfaction Is Associated with Cardiovascular Health-Risk Behaviors among Brazilian Adolescents: Findings from a National Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Associations between Two Forms of Body Weight Dissatisfaction and Cardiovascular Health-Risk Behaviors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Male | Female | p a |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 71,740 | n = 36,013 (50.2%) | n = 35,727 (49.8%) | ||
% | % | % | ||
Age group (years) | 0.285 | |||
12–14 | 52.7 | 52.9 | 52.5 | |
15–17 | 47.3 | 47.1 | 47.5 | |
Skin color | 0.182 | |||
Nonwhite | 60.0 | 59.4 | 60.5 | |
White | 40.0 | 40.6 | 39.5 | |
Mother’s schooling (years) | <0.001 | |||
<11 | 44.9 | 43.3 | 46.5 | |
≥11 | 55.1 | 56.7 | 53.5 | |
Family structure | <0.001 | |||
Mother and father | 57.3 | 59.4 | 55.1 | |
Only mother | 32.4 | 29.9 | 35.0 | |
Only father or no parents | 10.3 | 10.7 | 9.9 | |
School type | 0.084 | |||
Public | 82.6 | 82.0 | 83.2 | |
Private | 17.4 | 18.0 | 16.8 | |
BMI-for-age status | <0.001 | |||
Underweight | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.1 | |
Adequate weight | 71.8 | 70.8 | 72.7 | |
Overweight/obesity | 25.4 | 25.7 | 25.2 | |
Body weight dissatisfaction | <0.001 | |||
Satisfied | 55.0 | 63.6 | 46.2 | |
Dissatisfied | 45.0 | 36.4 | 53.8 | |
feeling underweight | 14.7 | 14.9 | 14.5 | |
feeling overweight | 30.3 | 21.5 | 39.3 | |
Tobacco use in the last 30 days | 0.127 | |||
No | 95.2 | 94.9 | 95.4 | |
Yes | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.6 | |
Alcohol use in the last 30 days | 0.308 | |||
No | 77.9 | 78.4 | 77.4 | |
Yes | 22.1 | 21.6 | 22.6 | |
Physical inactivity in the last seven days | <0.001 | |||
No | 51.6 | 63.0 | 40.0 | |
Yes | 48.4 | 37.0 | 60.0 | |
Skipping breakfast | <0.001 | |||
No | 48.4 | 54.5 | 42.3 | |
Yes | 51.6 | 45.5 | 57.7 |
Variables | Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Satisfied | Dissatisfied Feeling Underweight | Dissatisfied Feeling Overweight | p a | Satisfied | Dissatisfied Feeling Underweight | Dissatisfied Feeling Overweight | p a | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |||
Age group (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
12–14 | 66.1 | 12.0 | 21.9 | 48.5 | 12.9 | 38.6 | ||
15–17 | 60.9 | 18.2 | 20.9 | 43.8 | 16.2 | 40.0 | ||
Skin color | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||||
Nonwhite | 64.5 | 15.4 | 20.1 | 47.2 | 15.2 | 37.6 | ||
White | 62.4 | 14.2 | 23.4 | 44.6 | 13.5 | 41.9 | ||
Mother’s schooling (years) | 0.031 | <0.001 | ||||||
<11 | 65.3 | 15.0 | 19.7 | 47.5 | 16.2 | 36.3 | ||
≥11 | 61.7 | 15.4 | 22.9 | 42.9 | 12.9 | 44.2 | ||
Family structure | 0.146 | 0.099 | ||||||
Mother and father | 64.4 | 14.0 | 21.6 | 46.7 | 13.5 | 39.8 | ||
Only mother | 63.6 | 15.9 | 20.5 | 45.4 | 15.5 | 39.1 | ||
Only father or no parents | 59.4 | 17.3 | 23.3 | 46.3 | 16.8 | 36.9 | ||
School type | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Public | 65.2 | 15.0 | 19.8 | 47.4 | 15.2 | 37.4 | ||
Private | 56.2 | 14.8 | 29.0 | 40.6 | 11.1 | 48.3 | ||
BMI-for-age status | ||||||||
Underweight | 50.8 | 47.2 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 31.9 | 66.5 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
Adequate weight | 74.5 | 17.4 | 8.1 | 57.4 | 16.9 | 25.7 | ||
Overweight/obesity | 35.3 | 4.0 | 60.7 | 15.2 | 3.1 | 81.7 |
Body Weight Dissatisfaction | Tobacco Use in the Last 30 Days | Alcohol Use in the Last 30 Days | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate a,b | Univariate | Multivariate a,b | |||||||
% | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Male adolescents | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 4.7 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 20.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 6.3 | 1.4 c | 1.08–1.73 | 1.1 | 0.90–1.47 | 24.7 | 1.3 c | 1.05–1.53 | 1.1 | 0.92–1.35 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 5.3 | 1.1 | 0.77–1.65 | 1.1 | 0.65–1.97 | 22.4 | 1.1 | 0.95–1.31 | 0.9 | 0.75–1.16 |
Underweight e | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 2.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 12.0 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied | 4.4 | 1.8 | 0.62–5.09 | 1.5 | 0.49–4.65 | 19.8 | 1.7 | 0.87–3.52 | 1.5 | 0.73–3.24 |
Adequate weight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 4.8 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 20.8 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 6.6 | 1.4 c | 1.07–1.79 | 1.2 | 0.93–1.56 | 25.9 | 1.3 c | 1.08–1.65 | 1.1 | 0.90–1.38 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 6.8 | 1.4 | 0.64–3.20 | 1.4 | 0.61–3.07 | 27.2 | 1.4 c | 1.10–1.85 | 1.3 c | 1.02–1.76 |
Overweight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 4.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 20.9 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 6.3 | 1.4 | 0.52–3.94 | 1.9 | 0.66–5.30 | 18.2 | 0.8 | 0.45–1.54 | 1.0 | 0.55–1.94 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 4.8 | 1.1 | 0.66–1.69 | 0.9 | 0.57–1.45 | 20.8 | 1.0 | 0.75–1.31 | 0.9 | 0.64–1.17 |
Female adolescents | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 4.0 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 19.0 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 4.2 | 1.0 | 0.81–1.38 | 1.0 | 0.76–1.31 | 24.0 | 1.3 d | 1.15–1.59 | 1.2 c | 1.03–1.45 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 5.5 | 1.4 c | 1.11–1.80 | 1.2 | 0.94–1.66 | 26.3 | 1.5 d | 1.35–1.71 | 1.4 d | 1.24–1.70 |
Underweight e | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 3.7 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 16.7 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied | 0.8 | 0.2 c | 0.05–0.81 | 0.2c | 0.38–0.74 | 15.7 | 0.9 | 0.47–1.81 | 0.8 | 0.40–1.56 |
Adequate weight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 3.9 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 19.3 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 4.7 | 1.2 | 0.91–1.59 | 1.1 | 0.82–1.47 | 25.4 | 1.4 d | 1.20–1.68 | 1.3 c | 1.08–1.54 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 5.6 | 1.5 c | 1.01–1.94 | 1.4c | 1.04–1.86 | 27.5 | 1.6 d | 1.37–1.85 | 1.5 d | 1.26–1.73 |
Overweight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 4.4 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 15.4 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.19–1.25 | 0.5 | 0.19–1.31 | 18.1 | 1.2 | 0.62–2.38 | 1.2 | 0.61–2.53 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 5.4 | 1.2 | 0.72–2.17 | 1.1 | 0.66–1.90 | 25.0 | 1.8 d | 1.39–2.42 | 1.5 c | 1.16–2.06 |
Body Weight Dissatisfaction | Physical Inactivity in the Last 7 Days | Skipping Breakfast | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate a,b | Univariate | Multivariate a,b | |||||||
% | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Male adolescents | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 36.0 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 43.0 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 37.1 | 1.0 | 0.89–1.23 | 1.0 | 0.89–1.23 | 42.1 | 1.0 | 0.86–1.10 | 1.0 | 0.87–1.11 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 39.7 | 1.2 c | 1.00–1.37 | 1.3 c | 1.07–1.54 | 55.4 | 1.6 d | 1.48–1.84 | 1.4 d | 1.18–1.56 |
Underweight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 47.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 34.8 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 51.3 | 1.2 | 0.69–1.95 | 1.1 | 0.69–1.85 | 30.2 | 0.8 | 0.46–1.43 | 0.8 | 0.46–1.33 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 32.9 | 0.5 | 0.15–1.92 | 0.5 | 0.14–1.78 | 38.2 | 1.2 | 0.29–4.59 | 1.3 | 0.34–5.13 |
Adequate weight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 36.0 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 43.1 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 35.9 | 1.0 | 0.83–1.19 | 1.0 | 0.86–1.21 | 42.3 | 1.0 | 0.85–1.10 | 0.9 | 0.81–1.04 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 38.4 | 1.1 | 0.85–1.45 | 1.1 | 0.86–1.47 | 55.4 | 1.6d | 1.31–2.06 | 1.6 d | 1.30–2.10 |
Overweight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 33.6 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 43.9 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 27.4 | 0.7 | 0.39–1.40 | 0.7 | 0.38–1.37 | 58.2 | 1.8c | 1.05–3.00 | 1.9 c | 1.11–3.41 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 40.3 | 1.3 c | 1.04–1.70 | 1.4 c | 1.07–1.74 | 55.5 | 1.6d | 1.31–1.93 | 1.6 d | 1.28–1.92 |
Female adolescents | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 61.4 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 52.7 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 61.6 | 1.0 | 0.86–1.18 | 1.0 | 0.83–1.15 | 55.6 | 1.1 c | 1.00–1.25 | 1.2 c | 1.02–1.30 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 57.6 | 0.8 c | 0.79–0.94 | 1.0 | 0.83–1.06 | 64.4 | 1.6 d | 1.44–1.83 | 1.3 d | 1.27–1.54 |
Underweight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 60.3 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 36.2 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 69.0 | 1.5 | 0.85–2.53 | 1.5 | 0.86–2.57 | 52.9 | 1.99 c | 1.17–3.38 | 1.9 c | 1.14–3.36 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 62.3 | 1.1 | 0.30–3.94 | 1.0 | 0.30–3.80 | 53.7 | 2.04 | 0.61–6.74 | 2.2 | 0.64–7.75 |
Adequate weight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 61.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 52.4 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 61.0 | 1.0 | 0.81–1.18 | 1.0 | 0.81–1.18 | 55.2 | 1.1 c | 1.01–1.26 | 1.1 | 0.96–1.21 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 58.7 | 0.9 | 0.77–1.03 | 0.9 | 0.78–1.04 | 63.4 | 1.6 d | 1.40–1.81 | 1.6 d | 1.38–1.80 |
Overweight | ||||||||||
Satisfied | 60.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - | 59.5 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Dissatisfied feeling underweight | 58.0 | 0.9 | 0.51–1.60 | 0.9 | 0.51–1.60 | 66.3 | 1.3 | 0.80–2.25 | 1.3 | 0.80–2.28 |
Dissatisfied feeling overweight | 56.6 | 0.8 | 0.66–1.10 | 0.8 | 0.66–1.10 | 65.3 | 1.3 c | 1.03–1.60 | 1.3c | 1.02–1.61 |
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Duarte, L.; Fujimori, E.; Borges, A.L.; Kurihayashi, A.; Steen, M.; Roman Lay, A. Body Weight Dissatisfaction Is Associated with Cardiovascular Health-Risk Behaviors among Brazilian Adolescents: Findings from a National Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238929
Duarte L, Fujimori E, Borges AL, Kurihayashi A, Steen M, Roman Lay A. Body Weight Dissatisfaction Is Associated with Cardiovascular Health-Risk Behaviors among Brazilian Adolescents: Findings from a National Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238929
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuarte, Luciane, Elizabeth Fujimori, Ana Luiza Borges, Aline Kurihayashi, Mary Steen, and Alejandra Roman Lay. 2020. "Body Weight Dissatisfaction Is Associated with Cardiovascular Health-Risk Behaviors among Brazilian Adolescents: Findings from a National Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238929