Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the General Population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Analysis
2.2. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Severity | Depression | Anxiety | Stress |
---|---|---|---|
Normal | 0–9 | 0–7 | 0–14 |
Mild | 10–13 | 8–9 | 15–18 |
Moderate | 14–20 | 10–14 | 19–25 |
Severe | 21–27 | 15–19 | 26–33 |
Extremely severe | 28+ | 20+ | 34+ |
Personal Data | No | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 871 | 54.5% |
Female | 726 | 45.5% | |
Age in years | <18 years | 29 | 1.8% |
18–25 | 270 | 16.9% | |
26–35 | 501 | 31.4% | |
36–45 | 488 | 30.6% | |
46–55 | 223 | 14.0% | |
56–65 | 77 | 4.8% | |
>65 years | 9 | 0.6% | |
Nationality | Non-Saudi | 62 | 3.9% |
Saudi | 1535 | 96.1% | |
Educational level | Below secondary | 27 | 1.7% |
Secondary | 263 | 16.5% | |
University/more | 1307 | 81.8% | |
Work | Not working | 496 | 31.1% |
Governmental sector | 783 | 49.0% | |
Private sector | 188 | 11.8% | |
Military sector | 130 | 8.1% | |
Health care practitioner | Yes | 542 | 33.9% |
No | 1055 | 66.1% | |
Monthly income | <5000 SR | 435 | 27.2% |
50,00–10,000 SR | 293 | 18.3% | |
10,000–20,000 SR | 587 | 36.8% | |
>20,000 SR | 282 | 17.7% | |
Marital status | Single | 424 | 26.5% |
Married | 1104 | 69.1% | |
Divorced/widow | 69 | 4.3% | |
Number of children | None | 113 | 9.6% |
1–2 | 373 | 31.8% | |
3–5 | 547 | 46.6% | |
6+ | 140 | 11.9% | |
If female, pregnant? | Yes | 34 | 6.7% |
No | 476 | 93.3% | |
Smoking | Never smoker | 1114 | 69.8% |
Current smoker | 283 | 17.7% | |
Ex-smoker | 200 | 12.5% |
Risk of Exposure to COVID-19 | No | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Was abroad during last three months | Yes | 118 | 7.4% |
No | 1479 | 92.6% | |
Contact with COVID-19 case during last month | Yes | 35 | 2.2% |
No | 1562 | 97.8% | |
Previously quarantined | Yes | 38 | 2.4% |
No | 1559 | 97.6% | |
Chronic health problems | None | 1172 | 73.4% |
Autoimmune diseases including asthma | 119 | 7.5% | |
Hypertension under treatment | 93 | 5.8% | |
Chronic heart diseases | 22 | 1.4% | |
Diabetes Mellitus | 113 | 7.1% | |
Immunosuppressive disorders | 34 | 2.1% | |
Hypothyroidism | 32 | 2.0% | |
Renal disorders | 5 | 0.3% | |
Others | 91 | 5.7% |
Domain | Items | Did Not Apply to Me at All | Applied to Me to Some Degree, or Some of the Time | Applied to Me to a Considerable Degree or a Good Part of Time | Applied to Me Very Much or Most of the Time | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % | No | % | No | % | No | % | ||
Depression | I could not seem to experience any positive feeling at all | 935 | 58.5% | 467 | 29.2% | 141 | 8.8% | 54 | 3.4% |
I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things | 1036 | 64.9% | 396 | 24.8% | 101 | 6.3% | 64 | 4.0% | |
I felt that I had nothing to look forward to | 1042 | 65.2% | 376 | 23.5% | 102 | 6.4% | 77 | 4.8% | |
I felt down hearted and blue | 797 | 49.9% | 556 | 34.8% | 133 | 8.3% | 111 | 7.0% | |
I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything | 1174 | 73.5% | 302 | 18.9% | 72 | 4.5% | 49 | 3.1% | |
I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person | 1224 | 76.6% | 242 | 15.2% | 84 | 5.3% | 47 | 2.9% | |
I felt that life was meaningless | 1170 | 73.3% | 276 | 17.3% | 72 | 4.5% | 79 | 4.9% | |
Anxiety | I was aware of dryness of my mouth | 1158 | 72.5% | 351 | 22.0% | 63 | 3.9% | 25 | 1.6% |
I experienced breathing difficulty | 1372 | 85.9% | 176 | 11.0% | 36 | 2.3% | 13 | 0.8% | |
I experienced trembling | 1437 | 90.0% | 133 | 8.3% | 13 | .8% | 14 | 0.9% | |
I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself | 902 | 56.5% | 482 | 30.2% | 136 | 8.5% | 77 | 4.8% | |
I felt I was close to panic | 1480 | 92.7% | 96 | 6.0% | 16 | 1.0% | 5 | 0.3% | |
I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion | 1445 | 90.5% | 108 | 6.8% | 24 | 1.5% | 20 | 1.3% | |
I felt scared without any good reason | 1238 | 77.5% | 277 | 17.3% | 54 | 3.4% | 28 | 1.8% | |
Stress | I found it hard to wind down | 597 | 37.4% | 715 | 44.8% | 199 | 12.5% | 86 | 5.4% |
I tended to over-react to situations | 962 | 60.2% | 458 | 28.7% | 129 | 8.1% | 48 | 3.0% | |
I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy | 957 | 59.9% | 481 | 30.1% | 104 | 6.5% | 55 | 3.4% | |
I found myself getting agitated | 812 | 50.8% | 563 | 35.3% | 142 | 8.9% | 80 | 5.0% | |
I found it difficult to relax | 895 | 56.0% | 468 | 29.3% | 142 | 8.9% | 92 | 5.8% | |
I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing | 1066 | 66.8% | 392 | 24.5% | 86 | 5.4% | 53 | 3.3% | |
I felt that I was rather touchy | 972 | 60.9% | 470 | 29.4% | 102 | 6.4% | 53 | 3.3% |
Bio-Demographic Data | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % | No | % | No | % | ||
Gender | Male | 218 | 25.0% | 118 | 13.5% | 124 | 14.2% |
Female | 244 | 33.6% | 144 | 19.8% | 161 | 22.2% | |
p-Value | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | ||||
Age in years | <35 years | 285 | 35.6% | 163 | 20.4% | 184 | 23.0% |
>35 years | 177 | 22.2% | 99 | 12.4% | 101 | 12.7% | |
p-Value | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | ||||
Nationality | Non-Saudi | 23 | 37.1% | 15 | 24.2% | 14 | 22.6% |
Saudi | 439 | 28.6% | 247 | 16.1% | 271 | 17.7% | |
p-Value | 0.148 | 0.091 | 0.321 | ||||
Educational level | Below secondary | 6 | 22.2% | 5 | 18.5% | 2 | 7.4% |
Secondary | 71 | 27.0% | 37 | 14.1% | 39 | 14.8% | |
University/ more | 385 | 29.5% | 220 | 16.8% | 244 | 18.7% | |
p-Value | 0.536 | 0.520 | 0.120 | ||||
Work | Not working | 171 | 34.5% | 87 | 17.5% | 97 | 19.6% |
Governmental sector | 203 | 25.9% | 126 | 16.1% | 132 | 16.9% | |
Private sector | 51 | 27.1% | 26 | 13.8% | 37 | 19.7% | |
Military sector | 37 | 28.5% | 23 | 17.7% | 19 | 14.6% | |
p-Value | 0.011 * | 0.662 | 0.412 | ||||
Health care practitioner | Yes | 177 | 32.7% | 109 | 20.1% | 120 | 22.1% |
No | 285 | 27.0% | 153 | 14.5% | 165 | 15.6% | |
p-Value | 0.019 * | 0.004 * | 0.001 * | ||||
Marital status | Single | 176 | 41.5% | 89 | 21.0% | 106 | 25.0% |
Married | 266 | 24.1% | 155 | 14.0% | 165 | 14.9% | |
Divorced/ widow | 20 | 29.0% | 18 | 26.1% | 14 | 20.3% | |
p-Value | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | ||||
Number of children | None | 30 | 26.5% | 21 | 18.6% | 15 | 13.3% |
1–2 | 117 | 31.4% | 73 | 19.6% | 83 | 22.3% | |
3–5 | 124 | 22.7% | 70 | 12.8% | 75 | 13.7% | |
6+ | 15 | 10.7% | 9 | 6.4% | 6 | 4.3% | |
p-Value | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | ||||
If female, pregnant? | Yes | 14 | 41.2% | 7 | 20.6% | 10 | 29.4% |
No | 138 | 29.0% | 88 | 18.5% | 90 | 18.9% | |
p-Value | 0.133 | 0.761 | 0.136 | ||||
Smoking | Never smoker | 311 | 27.9% | 181 | 16.2% | 190 | 17.1% |
Current smoker | 101 | 35.7% | 52 | 18.4% | 65 | 23.0% | |
Ex-smoker | 50 | 25.0% | 29 | 14.5% | 30 | 15.0% | |
p-Value | 0.015 * | 0.509 | 0.036 * | ||||
Was abroad during last three months | Yes | 41 | 34.7% | 26 | 22.0% | 29 | 24.6% |
No | 421 | 28.5% | 236 | 16.0% | 256 | 17.3% | |
p-Value | 0.148 | 0.086 | 0.047 * | ||||
Contact with COVID-19 case during last month | Yes | 15 | 42.9% | 15 | 42.9% | 9 | 25.7% |
No | 447 | 28.6% | 247 | 15.8% | 276 | 17.7% | |
p-Value | 0.066 | 0.001 * | 0.219 | ||||
Previously quarantined | Yes | 11 | 28.9% | 12 | 31.6% | 5 | 13.2% |
No | 451 | 28.9% | 250 | 16.0% | 280 | 18.0% | |
p-Value | 0.998 | 0.011 * | 0.445 | ||||
Chronic health problems | None | 326 | 27.8% | 170 | 14.5% | 194 | 16.6% |
High risk health condition | 136 | 32.0% | 92 | 21.6% | 91 | 21.4% | |
p-Value | 0.103 | 0.001 * | 0.025 * |
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Alamri, H.S.; Algarni, A.; Shehata, S.F.; Al Bshabshe, A.; Alshehri, N.N.; ALAsiri, A.M.; Hussain, A.H.; Alalmay, A.Y.; Alshehri, E.A.; Alqarni, Y.; et al. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the General Population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249183
Alamri HS, Algarni A, Shehata SF, Al Bshabshe A, Alshehri NN, ALAsiri AM, Hussain AH, Alalmay AY, Alshehri EA, Alqarni Y, et al. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the General Population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249183
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlamri, Hasan Saeed, Abdullah Algarni, Shehata F. Shehata, Ali Al Bshabshe, Nada N. Alshehri, Abdalla M. ALAsiri, Amjad H. Hussain, Abdulrahman Y. Alalmay, Eman A. Alshehri, Yahya Alqarni, and et al. 2020. "Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the General Population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249183