Establishment of an Automatic Real-Time Monitoring System for Irrigation Water Quality Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Establishment of Automatic Real-Time Monitoring System
2.2. Locations of Basic Water Quality Stations
2.3. Data Acquisition, Collection, and Correction
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Data Correction for Basic Water Quality Parameters: pH and EC
3.2. Trend and Variance of Water Quality Parameters for Different Types of Monitoring Stations: Exemplified by Electrical Conductance
3.3. Real-time Automatic Monitoring for Heavy Metals
3.4. Implications to Ensuring the Safety of Irrigation Water
- (1)
- Integration with Automatic Sampling for Establishing Information Exchange Platform.
- (2)
- Estimating Fluxes of Heavy Metals to Paddy Fields.
- (3)
- Combining with Green Technologies for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control.
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Water Quality Parameter | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | Temp. | EC | Heavy Metal | |
Range of measurement | 0‒14 | −5 °C~50 °C | 0‒100 mS/cm | 0.5‒10.0 µg/L |
Accuracy | ±0.2 | ±0.1 °C | ±1% full scale | 0.01 µg/L |
Resolution | 0.01 | 0.01 °C | 1 mV | −2 V~+2 V (Sensitivity: 1 nA) |
Frequency of Data | 1 min | 1 min | 1 min | <30 min |
Volume of Feed Water | In-situ | In-situ | In-situ | 10 mL |
Maintenance | Once a month | Once a month | Once a month | Once a month |
ID | Irrigation Associations | Station Location | Associated Watershed | Monitoring Items a | Threshold for pH (-) | Threshold for EC (µS/cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Taoyuan | No. 25-3 River Dam | Sanquaichuo Branch | pH, EC, Tm | 6 and 9 | 750 |
2 | Shuchuo Intake | Shuchuo Drainage | pH, EC, Tm | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
3 | Erzhixian | Taoyuan Daquan | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
4 | No 6-14 Intake | Laojie Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
5 | Qiedong Upstream | Qiedong Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
6 | Xiazhongfu Drainage | Xiazhongfu Drainage | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
7 | No. 24 Puxin Stream | Puxin Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1200 | |
8 | No. 25-7 Puxin Stream | Puxin Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1200 | |
9 | No. 25 River Dam | Sanquaichuo Branch | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1500 | |
10 | No. 6-5 Intake | Qia Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
11 | No. 34 Intake | Xinjie Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
12 | Xinjie Upstream | Xinjie Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
13 | Xinzhuang No. 3 Bridge | Sanquaichuo Branch | pH, EC, Tm, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn | 6 and 9 | 4000 | |
14 | Taichung | No. 35 Yuanlizhen Shangan | Xinfugou | pH, EC, Tm | 6 and 9 | 750 |
15 | Datuliaozhenyigei Intake | Dali Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
16 | Datuliaozhenyigei Downstream | Dali Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
17 | Zhancuoyuanzhen Zhongxing Drainage | Zhongxing Drainage | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
18 | Zhancuoyuanzhen | Toubiankeng Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
19 | Babaozhen Niuchou Branch | Dajia Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
20 | Babaozhen Shangpi Branch | Dajia Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
21 | No. 2, 3 Zhancuoyuanzhen | Zhongxing Drainage | pH, EC, Tm, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
22 | Changhua | Dongxi Erzhen Jiali Branch | Wu Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 |
23 | Dongxi Erzhen Gongcuo Branch | Wu Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
24 | Dongxi Shanzhen Tieshan Branch | Wu Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
25 | Si-Liu Guzhen | Wu Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
26 | Xinpijiuzhen Intake | Fanyagou | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
27 | Xinzhen Intake | Yangzicuo Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
28 | Dongxi Shanzhen Midstream | Wu Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
29 | Jintunzhen Intake | Shigou Drainage | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1500 | |
30 | Zhangshui Road | jiu zhuo shui Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
31 | Andong Erpai | Andong Erpai | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1500 | |
32 | Gongcuo Branch | Wu Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1200 | |
33 | Sanjiachun Drainage | Sanjiachun Drainage | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1200 | |
34 | Fanyagou Branch Intake | Fanyagou | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
35 | Xinzhen Midstream | yang zi cuo Stream | pH, EC, Tm, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr | 6 and 9 | 750 | |
36 | Kaohsiung | Hunei Erren Downstream | Erren River | pH, EC, Tm Water Level | 6 and 9 | 1200 |
37 | Weisui Pumping Station | Wujiawei | pH, EC, Tm, Water Level | 6 and 9 | 3500 | |
38 | Hankou | District Road | pH, EC, Tm, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr | 6 and 9 | 750 |
Item | Guideline | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Head distance of external autosampler | The head should be 5 m, and the horizontal distance should be 30 m. |
2 | Avoid use in harsh environments | High humidity and high gas flow rate would easily cause corrosion and failure of the motherboard’s signal collection board. |
3 | The extent of water quality would affect the maintenance frequency | If the water sample in the field is viscous, it would increase the frequency of temporary cleaning and polishing of analytical electrodes. |
4 | Sunlight must be sufficient to provide solar energy | If there is a shelter above the solar panel, use the AC power instead. |
5 | Avoid using in the vibrating environment | Do not place the equipment in a vibrating environment. Vibration would malfunction the equipment’s circuit board of precision. |
6 | Keep it in a horizontal position, in a customized sun and heat removal device | If the position is not maintained horizontally, the sample will be tilted and the stirring will be uneven, which will cause deviation in the analysis value. It is recommended to use a customized protection box (with double-layer insulation, top ventilation and heat dissipation), being fixed to the horizontal concrete foundation seat. Prevent dumping and theft! |
7 | Maintenance by professional and experienced engineers | Careless maintenance will increase the frequency and costs of repairs, or even damage the instrument. |
Type | Heavy Metal Monitoring Station (This Study) | Water Quality Environment Monitoring Station | Manual Sampling (Laboratory Test) |
---|---|---|---|
Measure | Heavy metals | pH, EC, etc. | Heavy metals, pH, EC, etc. |
Power supply | AC 90‒260 V (Solar energy) | AC 110/240 V | - |
Types of water body sample | Rivers, lakes, groundwater | Rivers, lakes, groundwater | Rivers, lakes, groundwater |
Accuracy of measure | High | High | Highest |
Price of equipment (US $) | 7900 | 11,700 | Depending on the test item |
Labor costs | Low | Low | High |
Maintenance | Once a month | Once a month | - |
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Syu, W.-J.; Chang, T.-K.; Pan, S.-Y. Establishment of an Automatic Real-Time Monitoring System for Irrigation Water Quality Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030737
Syu W-J, Chang T-K, Pan S-Y. Establishment of an Automatic Real-Time Monitoring System for Irrigation Water Quality Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030737
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyu, Wei-Jhan, Tsun-Kuo Chang, and Shu-Yuan Pan. 2020. "Establishment of an Automatic Real-Time Monitoring System for Irrigation Water Quality Management" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030737