Mobile Phone Use in a Car-Following Situation: Impact on Time Headway and Effectiveness of Driver’s Rear-End Risk Compensation Behavior via a Driving Simulator Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Participants
2.2. Apparatus
2.3. Simulation Scenarios
2.4. Secondary Tasks
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Analysis
2.6.1. Dependent and Independent Variables
2.6.2. Statistical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Modelling Time Headway
3.2. Modelling Rear-End Accident Probability
3.3. Effectiveness of Driver’s Rear-End Risk Compensation Behavior
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description | Type | Levels | Mean | SD | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Driver demographics | ||||||
Age | – | Con | – | 25.25 | 3.08 | – |
Gender | – | Cat | 2 | – | – | – |
Male | 1 | – | – | – | – | 69.81 |
Female * | 2 | – | – | – | – | 30.19 |
Driving history | ||||||
Years of driving | – | Con | – | 3.02 | 2.27 | – |
Driven kilometers | – | Cat | 3 | – | – | – |
0–5000 km * | 1 | – | – | – | – | 79.25 |
5000–10,000 km | 2 | – | – | – | – | 9.43 |
>10,000 km | 3 | – | – | – | – | 11.32 |
Crash involvement history in the last three years | – | Cat | 3 | – | – | – |
None * | 1 | – | – | – | – | 96.23 |
Once | 2 | – | – | – | – | 1.89 |
More than once | 3 | – | – | – | – | 1.89 |
Traffic accidents due to mobile phone use | – | Cat | 3 | – | – | – |
None * | 1 | – | – | – | – | 100 |
Once | 2 | – | – | – | – | 0 |
More than once | 3 | – | – | – | – | 0 |
Mobile phone use habits | ||||||
Frequency of speech-based texting use while driving | – | Cat | 3 | – | – | – |
None or less * | 1 | – | – | – | – | 39.62 |
Sometimes | 2 | – | – | – | – | 41.51 |
Frequently | 3 | – | – | – | – | 18.87 |
Frequency of handheld texting use while driving | – | Cat | 3 | – | – | – |
None or less * | 1 | – | – | – | – | 64.15 |
Sometimes | 2 | – | – | – | – | 33.96 |
Frequently | 3 | – | – | – | – | 1.89 |
Speech-Based Texting | Handheld Texting | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Estimate | SE | z | p > |z| | Estimate | SE | z | p > |z| |
Intercept | 1.97 | 0.16 | 12.67 | <0.001 | 2.17 | 0.16 | 13.91 | <0.001 |
Gender (Female *) | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.702 | −0.05 | 0.19 | −0.24 | 0.808 |
Speech-based texting (No phone *) | 0.41 | 0.10 | 4.20 | <0.001 | ||||
Difficulty in speech-based texting (Simple *) | 0.15 | 0.11 | 1.37 | 0.169 | ||||
Handheld texting (No phone *) | 0.59 | 0.09 | 6.37 | <0.001 | ||||
Difficulty in handheld texting (Simple *) | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.890 | ||||
The goodness of fit for models | Wald chi2(3) = 19.64, Prob > chi2 = 0.0002 | Wald chi2(3) = 40.71, Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 |
Speech-Based Texting | Handheld Texting | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Estimate | SE | z | p > |z| | OR | Estimate | SE | z | p > |z| | OR |
Intercept | 1.97 | 0.67 | 2.96 | 0.003 | 7.19 | 1.48 | 0.63 | 2.37 | 0.018 | 4.41 |
Gender (Female *) | −0.58 | 0.42 | −1.37 | 0.170 | 0.56 | −0.02 | 0.38 | −0.05 | 0.964 | 0.98 |
Initial time headway | −1.48 | 0.36 | −4.11 | <0.001 | 0.23 | −1.28 | 0.29 | −4.44 | <0.001 | 0.28 |
Lead vehicle deceleration 3 (Lead vehicle deceleration 8 m/s2 *) | −4.36 | 1.05 | −4.16 | <0.001 | 0.01 | −3.67 | 0.75 | −4.89 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
Lead vehicle deceleration 5 (Lead vehicle deceleration 8 m/s2 *) | −2.81 | 0.56 | −5.04 | <0.001 | 0.06 | −2.23 | 0.45 | −4.98 | <0.001 | 0.11 |
Speech-based texting (No phone *) | 0.85 | 0.40 | 2.11 | 0.035 | 2.34 | |||||
Difficulty in speech-based texting (Simple *) | −0.04 | 0.43 | −0.10 | 0.922 | 0.96 | |||||
Handheld texting (No phone *) | 1.27 | 0.40 | 3.15 | 0.002 | 3.56 | |||||
Difficulty in handheld texting (Simple *) | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.453 | 1.35 | |||||
The goodness of fit for models | Wald chi2(6) = 50.03, Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 | Wald chi2(6) = 58.11, Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 |
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Chen, Y.; Fu, R.; Xu, Q.; Yuan, W. Mobile Phone Use in a Car-Following Situation: Impact on Time Headway and Effectiveness of Driver’s Rear-End Risk Compensation Behavior via a Driving Simulator Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041328
Chen Y, Fu R, Xu Q, Yuan W. Mobile Phone Use in a Car-Following Situation: Impact on Time Headway and Effectiveness of Driver’s Rear-End Risk Compensation Behavior via a Driving Simulator Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041328
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yunxing, Rui Fu, Qingjin Xu, and Wei Yuan. 2020. "Mobile Phone Use in a Car-Following Situation: Impact on Time Headway and Effectiveness of Driver’s Rear-End Risk Compensation Behavior via a Driving Simulator Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041328