Hydrilla verticillata–Sulfur-Based Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Denitrification Process for Nitrate-Rich Agricultural Runoff Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source of Material and Pretreatment
2.2. Mesocosm Set-Up and Operation
2.3. Sampling and Analytical Procedure
2.4. DNA Extraction and Q-PCR
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical-Chemical Component Variation of H. verticillata
3.2. Principles of the HSHAD Process
3.3. Mesocosm Performance
3.3.1. Carbon Availability
3.3.2. DOM Analysis
3.3.3. Nitrogen Removal and SO42− Generation
3.3.4. pH Change
3.4. Mesocosm Denitrifying Genes
3.5. Comparison of HSHAD with Other HAD Processes
4. Conclusions
- Heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification can be combined in the HSHAD process, i.e., the former process mainly dominated NO3−-N reduction during the 0–118 days of operation with 4.0 or higher C/N ratio, while the latter process dominated during 119–273 days of the operation.
- The average NO3−-N removal efficiency and denitrification rate of HSHAD mesocosms were 94.4% and 1.3 g NO3−-N m−3·d−1 in steady phase II (7–118 d). The HSHAD process was much more efficient and stable than the HHD process in the long-term operation. At the end of the experiment, the NO3−-N removal efficiency of HSHAD mesocosms (69.6%) was 41.0% higher than that of HHD mesocosms (28.6%). The rapid increase of NH4+-N, NO2−-N, and TP concentration in the beginning did not affect the HSHAD denitrification performance, and a pH buffer was not necessary for its moderate fluctuation throughout the operation.
- The combination of H. verticillate pieces heterotrophic and sulfur autotrophic denitrification led to the higher total abundance of denitrificans containing narG (1.67 × 108 ± 1.28 × 107 copies g−1 mixture-soil–1), nirS (8.25 × 107 ± 8.95 × 106 copies g−1 mixture-soil−1), and nosZ (1.56 × 106 ± 1.60 × 105 copies g−1 mixture-soil−1) in the litter bags and bottoms of HSHAD mesocosms than that of HHD, which thus resulted in better denitrification performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mesocosm | Plant | Mass Composition in Litter Bags (g) * | Bottom Soil Layer (g) * | Simulated Wastewater (L) * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass | Sulfur | Soil | Gravel ** | ||||
HSHAD | H. verticillata | 10.0 | 1.9 | 42.9 | 28.6 | 57.1 | 2.0 |
HHD | H. verticillata | 10.0 | 0 | 42.9 | 28.6 | 57.1 | 2.0 |
Control | -- | 0 | 0 | 42.9 | 28.6 | 57.1 | 2.0 |
Group | Type | Cellulose (g) * | Hemicellulose (g) * | Lignin (g) * | N (g) * | P (g) * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw | H. verticillata | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
End in HSHAD | H. verticillata | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0 |
End in HHD | H. verticillata | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0 |
Mesocosm | Peak C1 | Peak C2 | Peak C3 | Peak C4 | C1+C2/C3+C4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ex/Em (nm) | Int. (r.u.) | Ex/Em (nm) | Int. (r.u.) | Ex/Em (nm) | Int. (r.u.) | Ex/Em (nm) | Int. (r.u.) | ||
HSHAD (Phase I) | 280/340 | 1138.1 | 230/340 | 310.9 | 330/410,360/460 | 699.2 | 245/460 | 358.3 | 1.4 |
HHD (Phase I) | 270/345 | 1340.9 | 225/340 | 326.7 | 330/430 | 1133.9 | 245/460 | 858.9 | 0.8 |
Control (Phase I) | 275/325 | 620.0 | 230/320 | 343.9 | NA a | NA a | 240/480 | 1467.4 | 0.7 |
HSHAD (Phase II) | NA a | NA a | NA a | NA a | 325/425,275/425 | 1808.5 | 230/470 | 2093.5 | 0 |
HHD (Phase II) | NA a | NA a | NA a | NA a | 330/425,275/425 | 1659.6 | 230/460 | 3342.2 | 0 |
Control (Phase II) | 275/325 | 403.2 | 225/325 | 328.1 | 325/425,260/425 | 552.0 | 230/460 | 2023.7 | 0.3 |
HSHAD (Phase III) | 280/370 | 801.2 | NA a | NA a | 330/420,260/420 | 1834.8 | 245/460 | 848.8 | 0.3 |
HHD (Phase III) | 280/370 | 624.4 | NA a | NA a | 330/415,260/415 | 1842.9 | 250/460 | 1146.3 | 0.2 |
Control (Phase III) | 250/370 | 404.7 | NA a | NA a | 330/425,260/425 | 760.4 | NA a | NA a | 0.5 |
Denitrification Approach | Packing Material/Electron Donors | System Description | Maximum Nitrate Removal Efficiency (%) | Maximum Nitrate Denitrification Rate (g m−3·d−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSHAD | Sulfur/H. verticillata/gravel/wetland and paddy soil | Free water surface constructed wetland mesocosm | 100 | 7.0 | This study |
HAD | Sulfur/methanol/anaerobic sludge/sulfur autotrophic denitrificans | Sulfur packed bed reactor | 89 | 5050.0 b | [60] |
HAD | Sulfur/methanol/aerobic and anaerobic sludge/ | Sulfur particle master culture reactor | >97 b | 1920.0 b | [28] |
HAD | Sulfur/acetate/anaerobic sludge/sulfur autotrophic denitrificans | Sulfur particle master culture reactor | 100 b | 98.9 b | [73] |
HAD | Pine bark/spongy iron/sand/gravel/heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrificans | Double-layer permeable reactive barrier | 99 b | 9.5 b | [21] |
HAD | Sulfide/sulfide-degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. C27)/acetate | Expanded granular sludge bed | 100 b | NA a | [75] |
HAD | Sulfur/heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrificans/methanol | Fluidized bed reactor | −100 b | 1440.0 b | [17] |
HAD | Cotton/zero valent iron (R4)/bacteria inoculation | Double layer column reactor | −100 b | 275.0 b | [72] |
HAD | Sulfide/acetate | Anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor | 100 | −13.8 b | [74] |
HAD | Sulfur/limestone/methanol | Lab-scale packed-bed bioreactor | 100 b | 5.0 b | [19] |
HAD | Methanol/anaerobic sludge | Intensified biofilm-electrode reactor | 97 | −146.0 | [22] |
HAD | Seed sludge/sulfur/woodchips/ /Thiobacillus bacteria inoculation | Serum bottle reactor | 100 b | −18.0 b | [31] |
HAD | Thiobacillus bacteria inoculation/sulfur/limestone | Pilot-scale horizontal flow CW | −67 b | NA a | [20] |
HAD | Ethanol/sulfur sesquioxide/anaerobic sludge | Serum bottle reactor | 100 b | NA a | [76] |
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Hang, Q.; Wang, H.; He, Z.; Dong, W.; Chu, Z.; Ling, Y.; Yan, G.; Chang, Y.; Li, C. Hydrilla verticillata–Sulfur-Based Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Denitrification Process for Nitrate-Rich Agricultural Runoff Treatment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051574
Hang Q, Wang H, He Z, Dong W, Chu Z, Ling Y, Yan G, Chang Y, Li C. Hydrilla verticillata–Sulfur-Based Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Denitrification Process for Nitrate-Rich Agricultural Runoff Treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051574
Chicago/Turabian StyleHang, Qianyu, Haiyan Wang, Zan He, Weiyang Dong, Zhaosheng Chu, Yu Ling, Guokai Yan, Yang Chang, and Congyu Li. 2020. "Hydrilla verticillata–Sulfur-Based Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Denitrification Process for Nitrate-Rich Agricultural Runoff Treatment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051574