Distribution and Behaviour of Some Trace Elements as a Function of Apple Varieties in Northeastern Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Samples and Sample Preparation
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Content
3.2. Trace Elements Content
3.2.1. Zinc (Zn)
3.2.2. Copper (Cu)
3.2.3. Iron (Fe)
3.2.4. Cadmium (Cd)
3.2.5. Lead (Pb)
3.2.6. Manganese (Mn)
3.2.7. Nickel (Ni)
3.2.8. Chromium (Cr)
3.2.9. Cobalt (Co)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Orchard | Apple Variety | No. of Samples | H2O Content | Zn | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Cr | Co | Pb | Cd |
% | mg·kg−1 | |||||||||||
Fălticeni (FRPSF) | Golden Delicious | 10 | 85.881 | 3.570 | 0.204 | 2.476 | 0.573 | 0.215 | 0.048 | 0.168 | 0.576 | 0.081 |
Jonathan | 4 | 86.095 | 2.587 | 0.273 | 1.725 | 0.545 | 0.122 | 0.101 | 0.133 | 0.797 | 0.088 | |
Kaltherer Böhmer | 3 | 85.821 | 0.910 | 0.409 | 2.856 | 0.651 | 0.225 | 0.068 | 0.109 | 0.477 | 0.094 | |
Pătul | 1 | 85.651 | 0.909 | 0.055 | 0.873 | 0.485 | 0.163 | 0.007 | - | 0.626 | 0.077 | |
Starkrimson | 2 | 86.758 | 0.914 | 0.207 | 1.104 | 0.328 | - | 0.064 | 0.250 | 0.544 | 0.083 | |
Wagener | 1 | 86.282 | 1.223 | 0.220 | 0.700 | 0.459 | 0.054 | 0.058 | 0.476 | 0.413 | 0.025 | |
Sârca (F6S) | Golden Delicious | 1 | 82.136 | 4.458 | 0.273 | 1.895 | 0.695 | 0.257 | 0.005 | 0.027 | 1.149 | 0.031 |
Florina | 4 | 83.265 | 3.255 | 0.239 | 0.927 | 0.470 | 0.168 | 0.041 | 0.237 | 0.683 | 0.111 | |
Idared | 7 | 83.359 | 2.380 | 0.247 | 1.745 | 0.563 | 0.199 | 0.093 | 0.420 | 0.846 | 0.123 | |
Jonagold | 4 | 84.136 | 1.046 | 0.149 | 1.349 | 0.469 | 0.131 | 0.036 | 0.202 | 0.875 | 0.111 | |
Jonathan | 5 | 81.237 | 2.690 | 0.103 | 2.926 | 0.490 | 0.231 | 0.096 | 0.144 | 0.834 | 0.127 | |
* MAL | 5 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.05 |
Element | Zn | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Cr | Co | Pb | Cd |
Zn | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cu | −0.16 | 1.00 | |||||||
Fe | −0.16 | 0.33 | 1.00 | FRPSF | |||||
Mn | −0.01 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 1.00 | |||||
Ni | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.17 | 1.00 | ||||
Cr | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.09 | 1.00 | |||
Co | −0.24 | −0.43 | −0.22 | −0.34 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 1.00 | ||
Pb | −0.30 | 0.05 | 0.16 | −0.10 | −0.06 | 0.37 | −0.10 | 1.00 | |
Cd | −0.01 | 0.29 | 0.02 | −0.15 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.48 | 0.22 | 1.00 |
Element | Zn | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Cr | Co | Pb | Cd |
Zn | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cu | 0.17 | 1.00 | |||||||
Fe | 0.22 | 0.14 | 1.00 | F6S | |||||
Mn | −0.04 | 0.26 | −0.16 | 1.00 | |||||
Ni | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.26 | −0.09 | 1.00 | ||||
Cr | −0.03 | −0.25 | 0.03 | −0.29 | 0.43 | 1.00 | |||
Co | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.42 | −0.28 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 1.00 | ||
Pb | 0.09 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 1.00 | |
Cd | −0.27 | 0.43 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 1.00 |
Country | Reference | Zn (mg·kg−1) | Cu (mg·kg−1) | Fe (mg·kg−1) | Mn (mg·kg−1) | Ni (mg·kg−1) | Cr (mg·kg−1) | Co (mg·kg−1) | Pb (mg·kg−1) | Cd (mg·kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Croatia | [33] * | 0.873–5.8 | 0.04–1.7 | |||||||
Greece | [5] * | 1.1–10.3 | 0.87–5.37 | 10–150 | 2.0–9.0 | 0.05–0.7 | 1.5–2.6 | 0.01–0.1 | 0.01–0.46 | 0.01–6.85 |
[34] * | 9.9–10.8 | 12.3–13.6 | 17.63–19.96 | 3.1–4 | ||||||
Libya | [35] * | 2.34 ± 0.13 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1 ± 0.145 | 0.437 ± 0.062 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | |||
Pakistan | [36] * | 35.7 ± 2.3 | 172 ± 11 | 6.5 ± 0.26 | 0.052 ± 0.005 | |||||
Poland | [27] ** | 0.453 | 0.319 | 0.182 | 0.031 | 0.0057 | ||||
[28] ** | 0.181 | 0.24 | 0.307 | 0.0072 | 0.002 | |||||
Portugal | [37] ** | 0.2705 | 0.6661 | 1.5 | 0.3539 | 0.0557 | 0.0143 | |||
Romania | [25] ** | 2.1–4.3 | ||||||||
[14] ** | 0.25–0.8 | 0.48–0.54 | 0.08–0.21 | ≤0.04 | ||||||
[13] * | 1.93 ± 0.62 | 3.57 ± 1.05 | 3.68 ± 0.96 | 1.81 ± 0.58 | <0.1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
Serbia | [29] * | 2.04 ± 0.005 | 4.21 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.025 | 0.63 ± 0.125 | 0.115 ± 0 | ||||
[9] * | 2.0 ± 0.4–12.00 ± 0.02 | 5.12 ± 0.01–34.0 ± 0.2 | 0.64 ± 0.03–3.69 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.07–2.44 ± 0.06 | 0.135 ± 0.005–0.225 ± 0 | |||||
[38] * | 0.39–2.24 | 0.76–2.73 | 1.9–11.41 | 0.81–3.22 | 0.02–0.89 | ≤0.57 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.29 | ||
Turkey | [39] * | 3.55 ± 0.34–4.06 ± 0.28 | 0.43 ± 0.06–1.13 ± 0.07 | 19.47 ± 2.67–21.25 ± 2.14 | 0.56 ± 0.04–0.91 ± 0.07 | 1.44 ± 0.19–2.43 ± 0.09 | 0.98 ± 0.21–1.36 ± 0.10 | 0.51 ± 0.08–0.78 ± 0.14 | 0.54 ± 0.18–0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.05–0.54 ± 0.09 |
[40] * | 71.7 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 55.0 ± 0.1 | 38.6 ± 0.4 | ||||||
U.S.A. | [41] * | 1.4 | 5.5 | 9.3 | 4.3 | <0.20 | 0.43 | 0.16 | ||
Worldwide (synthesis) | [10] * | 1.2 | 1.1 | 6 | 1.3 | 0.06 | 0.008 | 0.0003–0.0012 | 0.05–0.2 | 0.05 |
[10] ** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.01–0.2 | 0.003–0.08 | 0.013 | 0.083–0.16 | 0.001 | 0.003–0.03 | |
This study | ** | 0.909–4.458 | 0.055–0.409 | 0.700–2.926 | 0.328–0.695 | 0.054–0.257 | 0.005–0.101 | 0.027–0.476 | 0.413–1.149 | 0.025–0.127 |
* | 6.338–25.287 | 0.383–2.883 | 5.100–20.144 | 2.473–4.590 | 0.395–1.585 | 0.030–0.726 | 0.150–3.470 | 3.013–6.432 | 0.174–0.739 |
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Prundeanu, I.-M.; Chelariu, C.; Balaban, S.-I.; Iancu, O.-G. Distribution and Behaviour of Some Trace Elements as a Function of Apple Varieties in Northeastern Romania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072607
Prundeanu I-M, Chelariu C, Balaban S-I, Iancu O-G. Distribution and Behaviour of Some Trace Elements as a Function of Apple Varieties in Northeastern Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072607
Chicago/Turabian StylePrundeanu, Ionuţ-Mihai, Ciprian Chelariu, Sorin-Ionuț Balaban, and Ovidiu-Gabriel Iancu. 2020. "Distribution and Behaviour of Some Trace Elements as a Function of Apple Varieties in Northeastern Romania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072607