Prevalence and Correlates of Asymptomatic Malaria and Anemia on First Antenatal Care Visit among Pregnant Women in Southeast, Tanzania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Study Site
2.3. Data Collection Procedures
2.4. Detection of Malaria Parasites by Rapid Diagnostic Test
2.5. Detection of Malaria Parasites by Real-Time PCR
2.6. Determination of Hemoglobin Concentration
2.7. Study Outcomes
2.8. Data Management and Analysis
2.9. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Asymptomatic Malaria at First Antenatal Care Visit
3.2. Factors Associated with Asymptomatic Malaria
3.3. Prevalence of Anemia at First Antenatal Care Visit
3.4. Factors Associated with Anemia
3.5. Factors Associated with Hemoglobin Concentration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics (n = 819) | n | Frequency (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal age | Mean age (SD), years | 26.5 (7.2) | |
Adolescent (<20) years | 158 | 19.3 | |
Young adult (20–34) years | 519 | 63.4 | |
Adult (≥35) years | 142 | 17.3 | |
Gravidity | Primigravida | 219 | 26.7 |
Secundigravida | 181 | 22.1 | |
Multigravida | 419 | 51.2 | |
Parity (Number of live children) | Median (range) | 2 (0–9) | |
Gestational age | Early ANC (≤20) weeks | 356 | 43.5 |
Late ANC (≥21) weeks | 463 | 56.5 | |
Insecticide treated bed net use | YES | 656 | 80.1 |
NO | 163 | 19.9 | |
Height | Median (range), cm | 151 (140–168) | |
Weight | Median (range), kg | 54 (38–99) | |
Body temperature | Median (range), °C | 37 (34–37.4) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | Median (range), kg/cm2 | 23.8 (16.4–40.7) |
Characteristic | Asymptomatic Malaria n/N (%) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | aOR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
Age | 0.005 | 0.09 | |||
Adolescent (16–19 years) | 73/158 (46.2) | 1.66 (1.17, 2.37) | 1.48 (0.94, 2.35) | ||
Adult (≥20 years) | 225/661 (34) | 1 | 1 | ||
Gravidity | 0.06 | ||||
Primigravida | 94/219 (42.9) | 1.46 (1.06, 2.00) | 0.019 | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | |
Multigravida | 204/600 (34) | 1 | 1 | ||
Gestational age (Weeks) | |||||
Early attendance to ANC (≤20 weeks) | 135/356 (37.9) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.50) | 0.42 | ||
Late attendance to ANC (≥21 weeks) | 163/463 (35.2) | 1 | |||
ITN use | |||||
YES | 234/656 (35.7) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.21) | 0.36 | ||
NO | 64/163 (39.2) | 1 | |||
* BMI median (range) kg/m2 | 23.8 (16.4–40.7) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.31 | ||
Anemia | |||||
Severe & moderate anemia | 129/315 (41) | 1.49 (1.05, 2.10) | 0.024 | 1.39 (0.98, 1.97) | 0.07 |
Mild anemia | 87/246 (35.4) | 1.17 (0.81, 1.70) | 0.40 | 1.13 (0.78, 1.64) | 0. 51 |
No anemia | 82/258 (31.8) | 1 | 1 |
Characteristic | Anemia n/N (%) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | aOR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
Age | |||||
Adolescent (16–19 years) | 127/158 (80.4) | 2.14 (1.40, 3.28) | <0.001 | 1.35 (0.78, 2.32) | |
Adult (≥20 years) | 434/661 (65.7) | 1 | 1 | 0.28 | |
Gravidity | |||||
Primigravida | 176/219 (80.4) | 2.29 (1.57, 3.32) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.22, 3.13) | 0.005 |
Multigravida | 385/600 (64.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
Gestational age | |||||
Early attendance to ANC (≤20 weeks) | 35/356 (66) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.10) | 0.18 | 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) | 0.035 |
Late attendance to ANC (≥21 weeks) | 326/463 (70.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
ITN use | |||||
YES | 448/656 (68.3) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.84 | ||
NO | 113/163 (69.3) | 1 | |||
* BMI median (range) kg/m2 | 23.8 (16.4–40.7) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.11 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.19 |
Characteristic | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta Coefficient [95% CI] | t | p Value | Beta Coefficient [95% CI] | t | p Value | |
Age (Years) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 4.36 | <0.001 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.88 | 0.38 |
* Gravidity | <0.001 | |||||
Multigravida | 0.64 (0.42,0.86) | 5.77 | 0.53 (0.27, 0.80) | 3.95 | <0.001 | |
Primigravida | 1 | 1 | ||||
Gestational age (Weeks) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.27 | 0.79 | |||
* ITN use | 0.96 | |||||
YES | 1 | |||||
NO | −0.01 (−0.25,0.24) | −0.05 | ||||
BMI | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 3.05 | 0.002 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 2.49 | 0.013 |
* Asymptomatic Malaria | 0.025 | |||||
YES | −0.23 (−0.44, −0.03) | −0.17 (−0.37, 0.03) | ||||
NO | 1 | −2.25 | 1 | 1.65 | 0.09 |
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Mlugu, E.M.; Minzi, O.; Kamuhabwa, A.A.R.; Aklillu, E. Prevalence and Correlates of Asymptomatic Malaria and Anemia on First Antenatal Care Visit among Pregnant Women in Southeast, Tanzania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093123
Mlugu EM, Minzi O, Kamuhabwa AAR, Aklillu E. Prevalence and Correlates of Asymptomatic Malaria and Anemia on First Antenatal Care Visit among Pregnant Women in Southeast, Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093123
Chicago/Turabian StyleMlugu, Eulambius M., Omary Minzi, Appolinary A. R. Kamuhabwa, and Eleni Aklillu. 2020. "Prevalence and Correlates of Asymptomatic Malaria and Anemia on First Antenatal Care Visit among Pregnant Women in Southeast, Tanzania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093123