Alternative Global Health Security Indexes for Risk Analysis of COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Global Health Security (GHS) Index
- Prevention: Prevention of the emergence or release of pathogens;
- Detection and Reporting: Early detection and reporting for epidemics of potential international concern;
- Rapid Response: Rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic;
- Health System: Sufficient and robust health system to treat the sick and protect health workers;
- Compliance with International Norms: Commitments to improving national capacity, financing plans to address gaps, and adhering to global norms;
- Risk Environment: Overall risk environment and country vulnerability to biological threats.
3. Empirical Evaluation
- (AO = 1) USA: PR = 1, DR = 1, RR = 1, HS = 1, CO = 1, RE = 19;
- (AO = 2) UK: PR = 10, DR = 6, RR = 1, HS = 11, CO = 2, RE = 26;
- (AO = 3) Netherlands: PR = 4, DR = 7, RR = 4, HS = 3, CO = 32, RE = 12;
- (AO = 4) Australia: PR = 8, DR = 2, RR = 10, HS = 6, CO = 3, RE = 18;
- (AO = 5) Canada: PR = 7, DR = 4, RR = 17, HS = 4, CO = 5, RE = 10;
- (AO = 6) Thailand: PR = 3, DR = 15, RR = 5, HS = 2, CO = 12, RE = 93;
- (AO = 7) Sweden: PR = 1, DR = 7, RR = 14, HS = 20, CO = 11, RE = 6;
- (AO = 8) Denmark: PR = 5, DR = 7, RR = 19, HS = 5, CO = 28, RE = 17;
- (AO = 9) South Korea: PR = 19, DR = 5, RR = 6, HS = 13, CO = 23, RE = 27;
- (AO = 10) Finland: PR = 9, DR = 45, RR = 7, HS = 6, CO = 4, RE = 14.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Score | AO | GM | HM | PR | DR | RR | HS | CO | RE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States | 83.5 | 84.70 | 84.32 | 83.1 | 98.2 | 91.9 | 73.8 | 85.3 | 78.2 |
United Kingdom | 77.9 | 73.26 | 72.72 | 68.3 | 87.3 | 71.5 | 59.8 | 81.2 | 74.7 |
Netherlands | 75.6 | 72.92 | 72.45 | 73.7 | 86 | 67.7 | 70.2 | 61.1 | 81.7 |
Australia | 75.5 | 76.94 | 76.27 | 68.9 | 97.3 | 79.7 | 63.5 | 77 | 79.4 |
Canada | 75.3 | 77.89 | 77.37 | 70 | 96.4 | 79.1 | 67.7 | 74.7 | 82.7 |
Thailand | 73.2 | 68.90 | 68.39 | 75.7 | 81 | 61.9 | 70.5 | 70.9 | 56.4 |
Sweden | 72.1 | 71.97 | 70.58 | 81.1 | 86 | 67.1 | 49.3 | 71.3 | 84.5 |
Denmark | 70.4 | 71.98 | 71.52 | 72.9 | 86 | 69.2 | 63.8 | 62.6 | 80.3 |
South Korea | 70.2 | 69.84 | 68.87 | 57.3 | 92.1 | 78.6 | 58.7 | 64.3 | 74.1 |
Finland | 68.7 | 65.36 | 64.52 | 68.5 | 61.6 | 49.7 | 60.8 | 75.4 | 81.1 |
France | 68.2 | 67.22 | 66.61 | 71.2 | 75.3 | 58.1 | 60.9 | 58.6 | 83 |
Slovenia | 67.2 | 65.56 | 65.01 | 67 | 73.7 | 55.1 | 54.9 | 72.1 | 73.7 |
Switzerland | 67 | 61.26 | 60.26 | 52.7 | 59.1 | 48 | 62.5 | 65.6 | 86.2 |
Germany | 66 | 67.07 | 65.87 | 66.5 | 84.6 | 65.9 | 48.2 | 61.9 | 82.3 |
Spain | 65.9 | 65.59 | 64.83 | 52.9 | 83 | 64.6 | 59.6 | 61.1 | 77.1 |
Norway | 64.6 | 63.05 | 62.04 | 68.2 | 58.6 | 47.9 | 58.5 | 64.4 | 87.1 |
Latvia | 62.9 | 64.23 | 62.28 | 56 | 97.3 | 79.3 | 47.3 | 51.1 | 67.2 |
Malaysia | 62.2 | 60.59 | 60.06 | 51.4 | 73.2 | 54.7 | 57.1 | 58.5 | 72 |
Belgium | 61 | 61.90 | 61.39 | 63.5 | 62.5 | 50.2 | 60.5 | 59.7 | 78.2 |
Portugal | 60.3 | 56.47 | 55.68 | 52.8 | 50.5 | 45.4 | 55 | 63 | 77.3 |
Japan | 59.8 | 58.97 | 57.99 | 49.3 | 70.1 | 52 | 46.6 | 70 | 71.7 |
Brazil | 59.7 | 56.55 | 55.19 | 59.2 | 82.4 | 63.3 | 45 | 41.9 | 56.2 |
Ireland | 59 | 60.55 | 58.93 | 63.9 | 78 | 60.2 | 40.2 | 52.8 | 77.4 |
Singapore | 58.7 | 55.45 | 54.19 | 56.2 | 64.5 | 50.6 | 41.4 | 47.3 | 80.9 |
Argentina | 58.6 | 58.61 | 57.55 | 41.4 | 74.9 | 57.7 | 54.9 | 68.8 | 60 |
Austria | 58.5 | 60.27 | 59.08 | 57.4 | 73.2 | 54.8 | 46.6 | 52.8 | 84.6 |
Chile | 58.3 | 56.19 | 55.00 | 56.2 | 72.7 | 54.3 | 39.3 | 51.5 | 70.1 |
Mexico | 57.6 | 56.75 | 55.77 | 45.5 | 71.2 | 52.2 | 46.9 | 73.9 | 57 |
Estonia | 57 | 56.86 | 54.01 | 47.6 | 77.6 | 58.4 | 31.6 | 67.6 | 73.3 |
Indonesia | 56.6 | 54.81 | 53.69 | 50.2 | 68.1 | 51.7 | 39.4 | 72.5 | 53.7 |
Italy | 56.2 | 56.95 | 55.20 | 47.5 | 78.5 | 61.3 | 36.8 | 61.9 | 65.5 |
Poland | 55.4 | 55.94 | 55.53 | 50.9 | 61.7 | 49.9 | 48.9 | 58.9 | 67.9 |
Lithuania | 55 | 57.85 | 55.12 | 43.5 | 81.5 | 62.9 | 34.4 | 72.1 | 67.8 |
South Africa | 54.8 | 52.79 | 50.59 | 44.8 | 81.5 | 62.8 | 33 | 46.3 | 61.8 |
Hungary | 54 | 52.84 | 51.79 | 56.4 | 55.5 | 47.3 | 36.6 | 58.9 | 68.2 |
New Zealand | 54 | 49.20 | 47.30 | 55 | 36.7 | 33.9 | 45.2 | 59.4 | 77.2 |
Greece | 53.8 | 55.01 | 53.66 | 54.2 | 78.4 | 60.7 | 37.6 | 49.1 | 58.2 |
Croatia | 53.3 | 56.72 | 56.00 | 55.2 | 72.3 | 53.6 | 46.5 | 49.1 | 68.2 |
Albania | 52.9 | 51.87 | 50.56 | 43.8 | 74.3 | 56.5 | 35.9 | 53 | 55.7 |
Turkey | 52.4 | 51.42 | 50.87 | 56.9 | 45.6 | 42.9 | 45.7 | 64.3 | 56.5 |
Serbia | 52.3 | 50.43 | 50.15 | 48.8 | 46.2 | 43.8 | 56.6 | 49.7 | 59.2 |
Czech Republic | 52 | 51.92 | 50.82 | 51.1 | 50.7 | 46.4 | 37.4 | 58.9 | 74 |
Georgia | 52 | 54.23 | 53.17 | 53.2 | 75 | 57.8 | 38.3 | 56 | 51.4 |
Armenia | 50.2 | 47.13 | 45.04 | 56.7 | 60.8 | 49 | 25.7 | 50.1 | 50.4 |
Ecuador | 50.1 | 50.99 | 49.75 | 53.9 | 71.2 | 52.4 | 35.2 | 43.5 | 57.1 |
Mongolia | 49.5 | 50.54 | 48.14 | 37.6 | 77.3 | 58.2 | 30.8 | 52.6 | 60.8 |
Kyrgyz Republic | 49.3 | 46.85 | 44.24 | 29.7 | 64.7 | 50.8 | 29.8 | 64.8 | 56.1 |
Saudi Arabia | 49.3 | 51.95 | 50.42 | 34.3 | 74.4 | 56.9 | 44.8 | 50.6 | 59.7 |
Peru | 49.2 | 45.91 | 44.91 | 43.2 | 38.3 | 34.6 | 45 | 63 | 57.7 |
Vietnam | 49.1 | 48.60 | 46.80 | 49.5 | 57.4 | 47.5 | 28.3 | 64.6 | 53.4 |
China | 48.2 | 47.58 | 47.10 | 45 | 48.5 | 44.8 | 45.7 | 40.3 | 64.4 |
Slovakia | 47.9 | 49.78 | 48.82 | 53.5 | 46 | 43.2 | 37.9 | 52.8 | 71.5 |
Philippines | 47.6 | 47.72 | 46.99 | 38.5 | 63.6 | 50.4 | 38.2 | 49.8 | 50.3 |
Israel | 47.3 | 48.46 | 47.77 | 44 | 52.4 | 46.6 | 42.2 | 41.5 | 68.8 |
Kenya | 47.1 | 45.79 | 41.83 | 45.9 | 68.6 | 51.8 | 20.7 | 67.1 | 40.7 |
United Arab Emirates | 46.7 | 41.25 | 37.88 | 49.3 | 31.6 | 30.1 | 22.9 | 63.4 | 72.4 |
India | 46.5 | 44.78 | 44.36 | 34.9 | 47.4 | 44 | 42.7 | 47.7 | 54.4 |
Iceland | 46.3 | 44.05 | 42.41 | 35.3 | 37.2 | 34.2 | 46.4 | 43.2 | 81.2 |
Kuwait | 46.1 | 44.81 | 44.25 | 40.9 | 47.5 | 44 | 36.5 | 42.2 | 61.5 |
Romania | 45.8 | 46.69 | 45.84 | 48.9 | 42.8 | 39.2 | 36.7 | 52.4 | 65.7 |
Bulgaria | 45.6 | 49.99 | 48.96 | 37.6 | 53.3 | 46.6 | 41 | 61.5 | 66.3 |
Costa Rica | 45.1 | 45.58 | 43.14 | 44.2 | 56 | 47.3 | 24.8 | 43.1 | 71.7 |
Russia | 44.3 | 41.03 | 40.31 | 42.9 | 34.1 | 32.1 | 37.6 | 52.6 | 51.4 |
Uganda | 44.3 | 37.10 | 30.75 | 42.7 | 50.3 | 45.1 | 11.6 | 65.4 | 35.5 |
Colombia | 44.2 | 42.69 | 41.89 | 37.2 | 41.7 | 37.1 | 34.3 | 60.1 | 51 |
El Salvador | 44.2 | 42.06 | 38.19 | 22.1 | 73.9 | 55.5 | 25.2 | 50.5 | 48 |
Luxembourg | 43.8 | 44.84 | 42.76 | 31 | 41.7 | 37.1 | 37.9 | 52.8 | 84.7 |
Montenegro | 43.7 | 45.45 | 44.01 | 36.5 | 55.4 | 47 | 29.5 | 53.5 | 58.8 |
Morocco | 43.7 | 41.37 | 40.00 | 34.6 | 56.8 | 47.3 | 29.5 | 32.7 | 55.9 |
Panama | 43.7 | 42.61 | 41.82 | 40.5 | 44.6 | 41.9 | 35.1 | 35.3 | 63.8 |
Liechtenstein | 43.5 | 39.80 | 36.02 | 43.1 | 22.9 | 25.9 | 31.1 | 56.9 | 87.9 |
Myanmar | 43.4 | 39.57 | 36.40 | 30.3 | 59.2 | 48.6 | 19.5 | 59.1 | 38.2 |
Laos | 43.1 | 37.73 | 33.14 | 18.9 | 70.4 | 52 | 19.4 | 45.9 | 46.8 |
Lebanon | 43.1 | 40.67 | 38.22 | 27.3 | 62 | 50.1 | 23.8 | 49.3 | 45.5 |
Nicaragua | 43.1 | 42.22 | 41.91 | 41.7 | 39.9 | 34.9 | 45.9 | 51.8 | 41 |
Oman | 43.1 | 41.22 | 39.28 | 35.3 | 41.1 | 36.2 | 25.4 | 56 | 65.7 |
Cyprus | 43 | 43.31 | 40.58 | 46.4 | 44.9 | 42.3 | 21.9 | 49.1 | 69.6 |
Moldova | 42.9 | 44.47 | 44.05 | 46.5 | 42.9 | 39.9 | 36.4 | 56.7 | 47.1 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 42.8 | 40.16 | 39.92 | 36.7 | 41.7 | 37.3 | 38.3 | 37.8 | 50.8 |
Jordan | 42.1 | 40.06 | 38.94 | 31.8 | 42.9 | 40.2 | 27.8 | 48.6 | 55.8 |
Uruguay | 41.3 | 38.52 | 36.40 | 44 | 33.5 | 31.3 | 24.1 | 39.3 | 74.8 |
Qatar | 41.2 | 37.63 | 36.42 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 30.4 | 38.8 | 32.7 | 68 |
Kazakhstan | 40.7 | 40.12 | 37.76 | 58.8 | 28.2 | 28.6 | 28 | 52.8 | 59.5 |
Ethiopia | 40.6 | 36.85 | 35.71 | 36.8 | 33.7 | 31.5 | 29 | 65.8 | 33.6 |
Bhutan | 40.3 | 39.47 | 38.60 | 35.5 | 42.8 | 39.5 | 27.9 | 39.7 | 56.9 |
Madagascar | 40.1 | 34.35 | 32.51 | 30.1 | 41.9 | 37.8 | 19.2 | 55.4 | 32.4 |
Egypt | 39.9 | 36.39 | 33.07 | 36.5 | 41.5 | 36.6 | 15.7 | 46.4 | 57.5 |
Bahrain | 39.4 | 38.33 | 37.01 | 36 | 45.8 | 43.2 | 27.7 | 27.8 | 57.8 |
Cambodia | 39.2 | 36.03 | 30.12 | 28.6 | 57.7 | 47.8 | 12 | 60 | 38.5 |
North Macedonia | 39.1 | 39.38 | 38.17 | 37 | 41.7 | 36.8 | 25.4 | 44.8 | 57.7 |
Dominican Republic | 38.3 | 34.21 | 31.41 | 30.5 | 37.1 | 34.1 | 16.1 | 43.5 | 59.3 |
Sierra Leone | 38.2 | 35.95 | 34.47 | 25 | 45.8 | 43 | 25.3 | 52.8 | 32.8 |
Zimbabwe | 38.2 | 37.56 | 33.00 | 31.4 | 65.6 | 51.5 | 14.7 | 45.9 | 39.2 |
Ukraine | 38 | 36.96 | 35.65 | 38.1 | 36.5 | 33.4 | 23 | 55.1 | 43.3 |
Senegal | 37.9 | 33.75 | 31.43 | 25.4 | 35.1 | 32.6 | 18.5 | 57 | 48.2 |
Nigeria | 37.8 | 35.11 | 33.00 | 26.3 | 44.6 | 42 | 19.9 | 56.7 | 33.7 |
Iran | 37.7 | 37.77 | 37.15 | 44.7 | 37.7 | 34.5 | 34.6 | 28.7 | 50.3 |
Malta | 37.3 | 37.85 | 35.65 | 35 | 32.9 | 30.5 | 23.6 | 49.1 | 72.3 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 36.6 | 30.17 | 26.60 | 28.1 | 14.7 | 21.7 | 23.7 | 55.1 | 64.4 |
Suriname | 36.5 | 32.27 | 29.77 | 23.3 | 36.7 | 33.9 | 16.5 | 44.8 | 52.7 |
Tanzania | 36.4 | 32.06 | 24.76 | 33.5 | 42 | 38 | 8.2 | 55.4 | 44.7 |
Bolivia | 35.8 | 34.39 | 31.14 | 44 | 33.1 | 30.9 | 14.9 | 48.5 | 50.9 |
Paraguay | 35.7 | 36.75 | 35.98 | 39.5 | 34.6 | 32.4 | 28.2 | 35.3 | 55.9 |
Namibia | 35.6 | 34.07 | 27.79 | 32 | 46 | 43.5 | 10.1 | 44.2 | 54.7 |
Côte d’Ivoire | 35.5 | 35.43 | 32.66 | 27.3 | 44.5 | 41.6 | 17.1 | 53.6 | 42.7 |
Ghana | 35.5 | 35.75 | 34.74 | 32.2 | 40.5 | 35.3 | 23.4 | 38 | 51 |
Pakistan | 35.5 | 33.49 | 31.76 | 24.1 | 41.7 | 36.7 | 19.9 | 49.7 | 38.7 |
Belarus | 35.3 | 31.12 | 29.61 | 19.4 | 28.9 | 29.2 | 40.6 | 25.8 | 53 |
St. Lucia | 35.3 | 27.54 | 19.74 | 22.8 | 30.3 | 29.5 | 6.3 | 54.7 | 62.1 |
Cuba | 35.2 | 31.46 | 25.88 | 41.4 | 10.5 | 20.7 | 37.4 | 49.8 | 57.8 |
Liberia | 35.1 | 29.41 | 26.14 | 14.3 | 29.1 | 29.2 | 19.9 | 71.5 | 37.4 |
Nepal | 35.1 | 31.87 | 30.81 | 43.7 | 22 | 25.9 | 28.1 | 33.5 | 44.7 |
Bangladesh | 35 | 36.06 | 31.99 | 27.3 | 50.9 | 46.6 | 14.7 | 52.5 | 44 |
Mauritius | 34.9 | 33.09 | 29.77 | 27.3 | 42.3 | 39.1 | 15.1 | 29.1 | 66.2 |
Cameroon | 34.4 | 33.50 | 32.03 | 28.2 | 35.6 | 32.7 | 21.4 | 59.9 | 33.6 |
Uzbekistan | 34.3 | 31.32 | 27.85 | 42.6 | 19.4 | 24.7 | 16 | 60.5 | 47.8 |
Azerbaijan | 34.2 | 35.68 | 33.29 | 30.8 | 45 | 42.4 | 17.9 | 36.2 | 54.2 |
Gambia | 34.2 | 33.29 | 31.88 | 22 | 36.9 | 34.1 | 23.5 | 44.2 | 47.3 |
Rwanda | 34.2 | 34.23 | 33.65 | 33.8 | 36 | 33.1 | 24.1 | 38 | 43.6 |
Sri Lanka | 33.9 | 34.49 | 31.57 | 24.2 | 43 | 40.5 | 16.9 | 41.7 | 56.7 |
Maldives | 33.8 | 30.09 | 27.85 | 21.8 | 25.5 | 27.8 | 18.1 | 45.5 | 58.3 |
Tunisia | 33.7 | 31.52 | 30.51 | 31.7 | 26.3 | 28.4 | 24 | 31 | 55.7 |
St. Vincent and The Grenadine | 33 | 29.80 | 26.71 | 20 | 20.6 | 25 | 19 | 58 | 61.7 |
Micronesia | 32.8 | 24.83 | 22.75 | 21 | 14.2 | 21.7 | 18.8 | 36.3 | 53.1 |
Guatemala | 32.7 | 32.26 | 27.13 | 21.2 | 50 | 45 | 11.4 | 42.2 | 49.1 |
Guinea | 32.7 | 30.94 | 23.67 | 27 | 57.2 | 47.5 | 8 | 47.8 | 31.3 |
Monaco | 32.7 | 29.13 | 24.58 | 11.1 | 23.3 | 26 | 31 | 35.3 | 83.1 |
Brunei | 32.6 | 30.75 | 29.12 | 24.8 | 30.5 | 29.7 | 24.2 | 23.3 | 66.7 |
Togo | 32.5 | 30.75 | 25.58 | 23.7 | 46.8 | 43.8 | 10 | 46.3 | 37.6 |
Afghanistan | 32.3 | 32.69 | 30.47 | 23.5 | 44.8 | 42.1 | 21 | 56.3 | 23.3 |
Tajikistan | 32.3 | 28.79 | 27.89 | 26.7 | 24.1 | 26.5 | 20.5 | 42.6 | 38.2 |
Niger | 32.2 | 34.52 | 33.29 | 32.5 | 44.4 | 41.3 | 21.9 | 45.5 | 28.5 |
Barbados | 31.9 | 27.39 | 21.64 | 33.3 | 19.1 | 24.3 | 8.5 | 46 | 69.9 |
seychelles | 31.9 | 29.64 | 24.03 | 9.8 | 33.4 | 31.1 | 19.9 | 47.1 | 71.1 |
Belize | 31.8 | 29.67 | 24.76 | 30 | 30.4 | 29.5 | 9.7 | 49.3 | 53 |
Turkmenistan | 31.8 | 31.95 | 29.42 | 31 | 38.6 | 34.8 | 14.4 | 39.3 | 45.1 |
Guyana | 31.7 | 27.47 | 24.31 | 27.9 | 20.3 | 24.8 | 12.3 | 49.3 | 50.5 |
Haiti | 31.5 | 31.67 | 26.74 | 31.5 | 48.3 | 44.7 | 10.6 | 48.4 | 28.9 |
Botswana | 31.1 | 29.72 | 26.28 | 22 | 28.2 | 28.9 | 13.3 | 46.3 | 62.4 |
San Marino | 31.1 | 30.38 | 27.29 | 22.3 | 33.9 | 31.9 | 16.2 | 25 | 80.5 |
Eswatini (Swaziland) | 31.1 | 26.75 | 20.02 | 35.7 | 25.5 | 27.2 | 6.5 | 46.6 | 48.9 |
Bahamas | 30.6 | 25.96 | 20.68 | 24.7 | 21.8 | 25.5 | 7.9 | 46 | 61.4 |
Andorra | 30.5 | 24.46 | 19.74 | 27.9 | 14.2 | 21.7 | 9.2 | 32.4 | 83.5 |
Lesotho | 30.2 | 27.60 | 25.95 | 24.4 | 18 | 23.9 | 20.6 | 45.9 | 44.5 |
Burkina Faso | 30.1 | 24.14 | 17.53 | 18 | 33.3 | 30.9 | 5.6 | 44.8 | 42.6 |
Cabo Verde | 29.3 | 24.11 | 20.11 | 27.9 | 9.3 | 20.6 | 16.1 | 33.9 | 67.4 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 29 | 24.60 | 18.87 | 17.8 | 19.1 | 24.5 | 7.4 | 55.1 | 65.2 |
Jamaica | 29 | 26.49 | 22.41 | 20.1 | 24.3 | 26.8 | 10 | 43.1 | 61.2 |
Mali | 29 | 26.69 | 24.44 | 23.4 | 25.5 | 27.3 | 13 | 53.2 | 32.1 |
Benin | 28.8 | 22.69 | 16.66 | 16.5 | 24.2 | 26.6 | 5.6 | 53.6 | 42.8 |
Chad | 28.8 | 24.31 | 19.02 | 23.2 | 36.5 | 33.7 | 6.6 | 46.2 | 23.7 |
Zambia | 28.7 | 27.85 | 26.80 | 24.5 | 21.9 | 25.5 | 20.3 | 38 | 44.2 |
Mozambique | 28.1 | 29.44 | 28.08 | 26.5 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 17 | 43.8 | 38.4 |
Malawi | 28 | 27.72 | 25.86 | 25.5 | 23.3 | 26.2 | 15.3 | 50.7 | 37.6 |
Papua New Guinea | 27.8 | 23.73 | 19.95 | 10 | 31.8 | 30.2 | 11.6 | 41.4 | 38.7 |
Honduras | 27.6 | 26.38 | 23.98 | 21.6 | 27.7 | 28.4 | 12 | 41.8 | 39.5 |
Grenada | 27.5 | 22.10 | 17.35 | 8.6 | 18.6 | 24.2 | 10.3 | 46.4 | 62.9 |
Mauritania | 27.5 | 26.31 | 22.49 | 9.9 | 39.5 | 34.8 | 17 | 36.3 | 39.5 |
Central African Republic | 27.3 | 21.47 | 20.09 | 18 | 17.7 | 23.6 | 12.8 | 44.2 | 23 |
Comoros | 27.2 | 24.28 | 20.92 | 19.2 | 23.2 | 26 | 9.4 | 51.6 | 36.5 |
Congo (Democratic Republic) | 26.5 | 23.71 | 21.84 | 24 | 25.1 | 27.1 | 11.8 | 45.9 | 20.1 |
Samoa | 26.4 | 21.96 | 18.51 | 20.2 | 14.1 | 21.1 | 9.2 | 30.7 | 66.1 |
St. Kitts and Nevis | 26.2 | 20.00 | 14.89 | 8.7 | 15 | 23 | 7.1 | 46.4 | 64.8 |
Sudan | 26.2 | 20.48 | 16.92 | 31.8 | 7 | 18.7 | 14.3 | 37.6 | 33 |
Vanuatu | 26.1 | 22.06 | 17.21 | 24.5 | 15 | 21.8 | 6.6 | 38 | 57.4 |
Timor-Leste | 26 | 23.78 | 20.99 | 18.2 | 25.7 | 28.3 | 9.7 | 33.9 | 41.5 |
Iraq | 25.8 | 26.76 | 24.23 | 22.1 | 42.2 | 38.7 | 11.8 | 29.5 | 29.2 |
Fiji | 25.7 | 21.99 | 18.09 | 24.6 | 16.4 | 23.1 | 7.5 | 27.4 | 59.1 |
Libya | 25.7 | 25.95 | 22.32 | 23.2 | 36 | 33.2 | 9.1 | 31 | 39 |
Angola | 25.2 | 24.04 | 21.47 | 24 | 17.9 | 23.6 | 10.9 | 41.4 | 42.2 |
Tonga | 25.1 | 21.54 | 17.56 | 19.8 | 15 | 22.4 | 7.5 | 33.9 | 59 |
Dominica | 24 | 19.57 | 15.48 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 20.7 | 8.5 | 49.3 | 54 |
Algeria | 23.6 | 22.40 | 19.98 | 25.7 | 12 | 20.9 | 13.1 | 29.1 | 51.4 |
Congo (Brazzaville) | 23.6 | 17.79 | 13.18 | 17.6 | 7 | 18.9 | 6.3 | 56.8 | 38.1 |
Djibouti | 23.2 | 21.27 | 18.65 | 16.3 | 17 | 23.2 | 9.3 | 36.3 | 42.7 |
Venezuela | 23 | 20.79 | 17.78 | 23.5 | 8.7 | 19 | 12.9 | 42.2 | 38.2 |
Burundi | 22.8 | 19.58 | 17.15 | 25.1 | 11.4 | 20.8 | 8.9 | 37.6 | 28.3 |
Eritrea | 22.4 | 22.25 | 19.88 | 23.4 | 17.2 | 23.4 | 9.7 | 40 | 33.2 |
Palau | 21.9 | 17.55 | 14.20 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 19.6 | 11.5 | 32 | 56.2 |
South Sudan | 21.7 | 20.80 | 20.00 | 22.6 | 15.9 | 23 | 13.6 | 32.6 | 22.1 |
Tuvalu | 21.6 | 18.84 | 15.88 | 13.1 | 8.7 | 19.5 | 12 | 28.6 | 58.7 |
Nauru | 20.8 | 15.45 | 11.35 | 9.1 | 4.4 | 17.5 | 12 | 32 | 50.6 |
Solomon Islands | 20.7 | 17.76 | 14.52 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 19.6 | 12.4 | 40.1 | 44 |
Niue | 20.5 | 15.39 | 11.19 | 11 | 4.4 | 17.4 | 9.1 | 29.9 | 57.9 |
Cook Islands | 20.4 | 18.55 | 15.82 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 19.7 | 14.3 | 29.9 | 50.5 |
Gabon | 20 | 16.61 | 13.29 | 10.8 | 6.1 | 18.2 | 11.2 | 36.5 | 42.8 |
Guinea-Bissau | 20 | 18.18 | 13.71 | 14 | 23.4 | 26.4 | 4.6 | 37.6 | 24.1 |
Syria | 19.9 | 14.82 | 9.58 | 18.4 | 2.7 | 11.3 | 24.4 | 26.1 | 29.6 |
Kiribati | 19.2 | 14.39 | 10.58 | 10.7 | 4.4 | 17.8 | 7.3 | 32.3 | 45 |
Yemen | 18.5 | 16.43 | 14.08 | 15.1 | 9 | 20.1 | 7.6 | 40.3 | 23.5 |
Marshall Islands | 18.2 | 10.93 | 5.99 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 17.6 | 7.2 | 30.7 | 52.3 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 17.7 | 12.50 | 8.04 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 16 | 7.2 | 33.5 | 44.6 |
North Korea | 17.5 | 17.58 | 15.16 | 19 | 7 | 18.7 | 12.2 | 27.3 | 35.6 |
Somalia | 16.6 | 10.25 | 1.68 | 15.8 | 21.5 | 25.1 | 0.3 | 28.5 | 15.9 |
Equatorial Guinea | 16.2 | 10.17 | 5.65 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 18.1 | 5 | 33.5 | 43.6 |
Appendix B
Rank | AO | GM | HM | PR | DR | RR | HS | CO | RE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 19 |
United Kingdom | 2 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 26 |
Netherlands | 3 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 32 | 12 |
Australia | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 18 |
Canada | 5 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 10 |
Thailand | 6 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 15 | 15 | 2 | 12 | 93 |
Sweden | 7 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 20 | 11 | 6 |
Denmark | 8 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 28 | 17 |
South Korea | 9 | 9 | 12 | 19 | 5 | 5 | 13 | 23 | 27 |
Finland | 10 | 12 | 14 | 9 | 45 | 45 | 9 | 4 | 14 |
France | 11 | 10 | 15 | 6 | 21 | 21 | 8 | 44 | 9 |
Slovenia | 12 | 17 | 18 | 12 | 27 | 27 | 18 | 8 | 29 |
Switzerland | 13 | 15 | 13 | 34 | 48 | 48 | 7 | 18 | 3 |
Germany | 14 | 11 | 16 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 22 | 29 | 11 |
Spain | 15 | 16 | 19 | 32 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 32 | 24 |
Norway | 16 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 49 | 49 | 14 | 22 | 2 |
Latvia | 17 | 13 | 9 | 25 | 2 | 3 | 23 | 79 | 48 |
Malaysia | 18 | 25 | 31 | 35 | 28 | 29 | 15 | 45 | 33 |
Belgium | 19 | 19 | 23 | 15 | 42 | 42 | 10 | 38 | 19 |
Portugal | 20 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 61 | 61 | 17 | 26 | 22 |
Japan | 21 | 23 | 29 | 40 | 35 | 34 | 25 | 13 | 34 |
Brazil | 22 | 27 | 24 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 33 | 135 | 94 |
Ireland | 23 | 21 | 25 | 14 | 18 | 18 | 41 | 66 | 21 |
Singapore | 24 | 31 | 35 | 23 | 40 | 40 | 38 | 101 | 15 |
Argentina | 25 | 24 | 27 | 66 | 23 | 23 | 18 | 14 | 70 |
Austria | 26 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 28 | 28 | 25 | 66 | 5 |
Chile | 27 | 33 | 39 | 23 | 30 | 30 | 43 | 78 | 38 |
Mexico | 28 | 26 | 22 | 49 | 32 | 33 | 24 | 6 | 89 |
Estonia | 29 | 22 | 28 | 44 | 19 | 19 | 66 | 15 | 30 |
Indonesia | 30 | 30 | 26 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 42 | 7 | 106 |
Italy | 31 | 28 | 30 | 45 | 16 | 16 | 54 | 29 | 55 |
Poland | 32 | 34 | 40 | 37 | 44 | 44 | 21 | 41 | 45 |
Lithuania | 33 | 20 | 20 | 59 | 13 | 13 | 63 | 8 | 46 |
South Africa | 34 | 37 | 32 | 51 | 13 | 14 | 65 | 107 | 64 |
Hungary | 35 | 39 | 48 | 22 | 55 | 53 | 56 | 41 | 42 |
New Zealand | 35 | 42 | 44 | 27 | 107 | 107 | 32 | 39 | 23 |
Greece | 37 | 35 | 34 | 28 | 17 | 17 | 50 | 92 | 80 |
Croatia | 38 | 32 | 37 | 26 | 31 | 31 | 27 | 92 | 42 |
Albania | 39 | 46 | 51 | 57 | 25 | 25 | 59 | 65 | 100 |
Turkey | 40 | 40 | 42 | 20 | 74 | 74 | 30 | 23 | 92 |
Serbia | 41 | 52 | 50 | 43 | 69 | 68 | 16 | 86 | 74 |
Czech Republic | 42 | 41 | 49 | 36 | 60 | 60 | 52 | 41 | 28 |
Georgia | 42 | 36 | 38 | 31 | 22 | 22 | 45 | 53 | 113 |
Armenia | 44 | 54 | 58 | 21 | 46 | 46 | 81 | 83 | 123 |
Ecuador | 45 | 51 | 55 | 29 | 32 | 32 | 60 | 126 | 88 |
Mongolia | 46 | 43 | 43 | 73 | 20 | 20 | 69 | 72 | 69 |
Kyrgyz Republic | 47 | 53 | 54 | 109 | 39 | 39 | 70 | 20 | 96 |
Saudi Arabia | 47 | 44 | 47 | 89 | 24 | 24 | 35 | 81 | 71 |
Peru | 49 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 102 | 102 | 33 | 26 | 84 |
Vietnam | 50 | 49 | 53 | 39 | 51 | 51 | 74 | 21 | 107 |
China | 51 | 59 | 65 | 50 | 64 | 64 | 30 | 141 | 58 |
Slovakia | 52 | 50 | 57 | 30 | 70 | 71 | 48 | 66 | 36 |
Philippines | 53 | 61 | 68 | 71 | 41 | 41 | 47 | 84 | 124 |
Israel | 54 | 55 | 64 | 54 | 58 | 57 | 37 | 138 | 41 |
Kenya | 55 | 48 | 45 | 48 | 36 | 36 | 103 | 16 | 155 |
United Arab Emirates | 56 | 58 | 59 | 40 | 126 | 126 | 98 | 25 | 31 |
India | 57 | 69 | 79 | 87 | 67 | 66 | 36 | 100 | 103 |
Iceland | 58 | 56 | 46 | 84 | 104 | 104 | 28 | 128 | 13 |
Kuwait | 59 | 70 | 82 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 57 | 132 | 66 |
Romania | 60 | 62 | 70 | 42 | 85 | 86 | 55 | 75 | 53 |
Bulgaria | 61 | 47 | 56 | 73 | 57 | 57 | 39 | 31 | 50 |
Costa Rica | 62 | 60 | 67 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 86 | 129 | 34 |
Russia | 63 | 83 | 89 | 62 | 116 | 116 | 50 | 72 | 113 |
Uganda | 63 | 67 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 152 | 19 | 173 |
Colombia | 65 | 71 | 80 | 75 | 91 | 92 | 64 | 35 | 116 |
El Salvador | 65 | 64 | 62 | 150 | 26 | 26 | 85 | 82 | 129 |
Luxembourg | 67 | 45 | 21 | 102 | 91 | 92 | 48 | 66 | 4 |
Montenegro | 68 | 63 | 74 | 79 | 56 | 56 | 71 | 63 | 77 |
Morocco | 68 | 80 | 86 | 88 | 53 | 53 | 71 | 170 | 97 |
Panama | 68 | 79 | 87 | 69 | 78 | 79 | 61 | 161 | 60 |
Liechtenstein | 71 | 38 | 4 | 61 | 149 | 149 | 67 | 48 | 1 |
Myanmar | 72 | 72 | 73 | 106 | 47 | 47 | 111 | 40 | 164 |
Laos | 73 | 81 | 76 | 165 | 34 | 34 | 112 | 113 | 133 |
Lebanon | 73 | 75 | 83 | 116 | 43 | 43 | 92 | 88 | 134 |
Nicaragua | 73 | 74 | 78 | 65 | 99 | 99 | 29 | 76 | 154 |
Oman | 73 | 73 | 84 | 84 | 97 | 97 | 82 | 53 | 53 |
Cyprus | 77 | 65 | 71 | 47 | 76 | 76 | 99 | 92 | 40 |
Moldova | 78 | 68 | 75 | 46 | 83 | 84 | 58 | 50 | 132 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 79 | 89 | 91 | 78 | 91 | 91 | 45 | 152 | 119 |
Jordan | 80 | 87 | 101 | 97 | 83 | 83 | 79 | 96 | 99 |
Uruguay | 81 | 78 | 72 | 54 | 119 | 119 | 89 | 146 | 25 |
Qatar | 82 | 86 | 88 | 93 | 124 | 124 | 44 | 170 | 44 |
Kazakhstan | 83 | 66 | 61 | 17 | 133 | 134 | 77 | 66 | 72 |
Ethiopia | 84 | 76 | 66 | 77 | 118 | 118 | 73 | 17 | 175 |
Bhutan | 85 | 93 | 105 | 83 | 85 | 85 | 78 | 145 | 90 |
Madagascar | 86 | 108 | 111 | 107 | 90 | 90 | 113 | 55 | 180 |
Egypt | 87 | 102 | 116 | 79 | 96 | 96 | 128 | 104 | 86 |
Bahrain | 88 | 88 | 93 | 81 | 72 | 71 | 80 | 189 | 82 |
Cambodia | 89 | 77 | 77 | 110 | 50 | 50 | 146 | 36 | 162 |
North Macedonia | 90 | 90 | 103 | 76 | 91 | 94 | 82 | 119 | 84 |
Dominican Republic | 91 | 120 | 127 | 105 | 105 | 105 | 125 | 126 | 73 |
Sierra Leone | 92 | 94 | 100 | 128 | 72 | 73 | 84 | 66 | 179 |
Zimbabwe | 92 | 84 | 81 | 101 | 38 | 38 | 132 | 113 | 158 |
Ukraine | 94 | 97 | 104 | 72 | 109 | 110 | 97 | 57 | 146 |
Senegal | 95 | 114 | 114 | 126 | 114 | 114 | 116 | 47 | 128 |
Nigeria | 96 | 96 | 96 | 123 | 78 | 78 | 107 | 50 | 174 |
Iran | 97 | 100 | 98 | 52 | 103 | 103 | 62 | 186 | 124 |
Malta | 98 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 123 | 123 | 94 | 92 | 32 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 99 | 109 | 106 | 112 | 170 | 170 | 93 | 57 | 58 |
Suriname | 100 | 135 | 139 | 144 | 107 | 107 | 123 | 119 | 111 |
Tanzania | 101 | 107 | 109 | 91 | 89 | 89 | 175 | 55 | 137 |
Bolivia | 102 | 116 | 118 | 54 | 122 | 121 | 131 | 97 | 118 |
Paraguay | 103 | 112 | 117 | 70 | 115 | 115 | 75 | 161 | 97 |
Namibia | 104 | 106 | 113 | 96 | 70 | 70 | 160 | 122 | 102 |
Côte d'Ivoire | 105 | 101 | 108 | 116 | 80 | 80 | 119 | 61 | 149 |
Ghana | 105 | 122 | 130 | 95 | 98 | 98 | 96 | 148 | 116 |
Pakistan | 105 | 125 | 131 | 136 | 91 | 95 | 107 | 86 | 160 |
Belarus | 108 | 131 | 119 | 162 | 132 | 131 | 40 | 193 | 109 |
St. Lucia | 108 | 126 | 122 | 147 | 129 | 128 | 189 | 60 | 63 |
Cuba | 110 | 98 | 94 | 66 | 177 | 176 | 52 | 84 | 82 |
Liberia | 111 | 92 | 52 | 176 | 131 | 131 | 107 | 10 | 170 |
Nepal | 111 | 130 | 129 | 58 | 150 | 149 | 76 | 167 | 137 |
Bangladesh | 113 | 91 | 92 | 116 | 59 | 57 | 132 | 74 | 142 |
Mauritius | 114 | 111 | 110 | 116 | 87 | 87 | 130 | 184 | 51 |
Cameroon | 115 | 105 | 95 | 111 | 113 | 113 | 101 | 37 | 175 |
Uzbekistan | 116 | 104 | 90 | 64 | 156 | 156 | 127 | 34 | 130 |
Azerbaijan | 117 | 115 | 120 | 104 | 75 | 75 | 118 | 160 | 104 |
Gambia | 117 | 134 | 135 | 152 | 106 | 105 | 95 | 122 | 131 |
Rwanda | 117 | 129 | 134 | 90 | 111 | 112 | 89 | 148 | 144 |
Sri Lanka | 120 | 121 | 126 | 135 | 82 | 82 | 122 | 137 | 91 |
Maldives | 121 | 139 | 140 | 154 | 138 | 138 | 117 | 117 | 79 |
Tunisia | 122 | 138 | 137 | 99 | 136 | 135 | 91 | 177 | 100 |
St. Vincent and The Grenadine | 123 | 118 | 107 | 160 | 154 | 154 | 114 | 46 | 65 |
Micronesia | 124 | 163 | 166 | 157 | 171 | 170 | 115 | 157 | 108 |
Guatemala | 125 | 123 | 123 | 156 | 63 | 63 | 155 | 132 | 126 |
Guinea | 125 | 110 | 97 | 120 | 52 | 51 | 176 | 99 | 182 |
Monaco | 125 | 82 | 41 | 180 | 146 | 147 | 68 | 161 | 8 |
Brunei | 128 | 127 | 121 | 129 | 127 | 127 | 88 | 195 | 49 |
Togo | 129 | 128 | 128 | 139 | 68 | 68 | 161 | 107 | 168 |
Afghanistan | 130 | 103 | 102 | 140 | 77 | 77 | 102 | 52 | 191 |
Tajikistan | 130 | 151 | 156 | 121 | 144 | 144 | 105 | 131 | 164 |
Niger | 132 | 119 | 125 | 94 | 81 | 81 | 99 | 117 | 186 |
Barbados | 133 | 124 | 112 | 92 | 157 | 158 | 173 | 111 | 39 |
seychelles | 133 | 113 | 99 | 187 | 120 | 120 | 107 | 102 | 37 |
Belize | 135 | 137 | 136 | 108 | 128 | 128 | 163 | 88 | 109 |
Turkmenistan | 135 | 136 | 138 | 102 | 101 | 100 | 134 | 146 | 135 |
Guyana | 137 | 143 | 149 | 113 | 155 | 155 | 144 | 88 | 121 |
Haiti | 138 | 117 | 115 | 100 | 65 | 65 | 158 | 98 | 185 |
Botswana | 139 | 133 | 133 | 152 | 133 | 133 | 138 | 107 | 62 |
San Marino | 139 | 99 | 69 | 149 | 117 | 117 | 124 | 194 | 16 |
Eswatini (Swaziland) | 139 | 141 | 145 | 82 | 138 | 140 | 188 | 103 | 127 |
Bahamas | 142 | 142 | 141 | 130 | 152 | 151 | 177 | 111 | 67 |
Andorra | 143 | 95 | 36 | 113 | 171 | 170 | 168 | 173 | 7 |
Lesotho | 144 | 150 | 155 | 134 | 160 | 160 | 104 | 113 | 140 |
Burkina Faso | 145 | 159 | 164 | 168 | 121 | 121 | 191 | 119 | 151 |
Cabo Verde | 146 | 140 | 132 | 113 | 178 | 178 | 125 | 164 | 47 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 147 | 132 | 124 | 170 | 157 | 157 | 181 | 57 | 56 |
Jamaica | 147 | 145 | 146 | 159 | 142 | 142 | 161 | 129 | 68 |
Mali | 147 | 144 | 144 | 142 | 138 | 139 | 140 | 64 | 181 |
Benin | 150 | 154 | 150 | 172 | 143 | 143 | 191 | 61 | 147 |
Chad | 150 | 156 | 157 | 145 | 109 | 109 | 186 | 110 | 189 |
Zambia | 152 | 155 | 159 | 132 | 151 | 151 | 106 | 148 | 141 |
Mozambique | 153 | 148 | 154 | 122 | 130 | 130 | 120 | 125 | 163 |
Malawi | 154 | 146 | 151 | 125 | 146 | 146 | 129 | 80 | 168 |
Papua New Guinea | 155 | 168 | 170 | 185 | 125 | 125 | 152 | 139 | 160 |
Honduras | 156 | 161 | 168 | 155 | 135 | 135 | 146 | 136 | 156 |
Grenada | 157 | 147 | 142 | 190 | 159 | 159 | 159 | 104 | 61 |
Mauritania | 157 | 149 | 153 | 186 | 100 | 100 | 120 | 157 | 156 |
Central African Republic | 159 | 176 | 178 | 168 | 162 | 161 | 142 | 122 | 192 |
Comoros | 160 | 158 | 158 | 163 | 148 | 147 | 166 | 77 | 171 |
Congo (Democratic Republic) | 161 | 165 | 167 | 137 | 141 | 141 | 150 | 113 | 194 |
Samoa | 162 | 157 | 147 | 158 | 173 | 173 | 168 | 179 | 52 |
St. Kitts and Nevis | 163 | 152 | 143 | 189 | 167 | 166 | 185 | 104 | 57 |
Sudan | 163 | 172 | 172 | 97 | 185 | 186 | 135 | 153 | 178 |
Vanuatu | 165 | 164 | 162 | 132 | 167 | 169 | 186 | 148 | 87 |
Timor-Leste | 166 | 174 | 175 | 167 | 137 | 137 | 163 | 164 | 153 |
Iraq | 167 | 153 | 152 | 150 | 88 | 88 | 150 | 183 | 184 |
Fiji | 168 | 167 | 160 | 131 | 165 | 165 | 179 | 190 | 75 |
Libya | 168 | 160 | 165 | 145 | 111 | 111 | 170 | 177 | 159 |
Angola | 170 | 171 | 173 | 137 | 161 | 161 | 157 | 139 | 152 |
Tonga | 171 | 169 | 163 | 161 | 167 | 168 | 179 | 164 | 76 |
Dominica | 172 | 162 | 161 | 179 | 176 | 176 | 173 | 88 | 105 |
Algeria | 173 | 170 | 171 | 124 | 174 | 174 | 139 | 184 | 113 |
Congo (Brazzaville) | 173 | 166 | 148 | 171 | 185 | 185 | 189 | 49 | 167 |
Djibouti | 175 | 181 | 184 | 173 | 164 | 164 | 167 | 157 | 149 |
Venezuela | 176 | 175 | 177 | 140 | 182 | 184 | 141 | 132 | 164 |
Burundi | 177 | 184 | 185 | 127 | 175 | 175 | 172 | 153 | 187 |
Eritrea | 178 | 177 | 180 | 142 | 163 | 163 | 163 | 144 | 177 |
Palau | 179 | 178 | 176 | 192 | 180 | 181 | 154 | 175 | 94 |
South Sudan | 180 | 183 | 183 | 148 | 166 | 166 | 137 | 172 | 193 |
Tuvalu | 181 | 173 | 169 | 178 | 182 | 183 | 146 | 187 | 78 |
Nauru | 182 | 187 | 186 | 188 | 189 | 192 | 146 | 175 | 120 |
Solomon Islands | 183 | 182 | 182 | 191 | 182 | 181 | 143 | 143 | 142 |
Niue | 184 | 179 | 174 | 181 | 189 | 193 | 170 | 181 | 81 |
Cook Islands | 185 | 180 | 181 | 182 | 180 | 180 | 135 | 181 | 121 |
Gabon | 186 | 188 | 188 | 183 | 188 | 188 | 156 | 156 | 147 |
Guinea-Bissau | 186 | 186 | 187 | 177 | 145 | 145 | 194 | 153 | 188 |
Syria | 188 | 185 | 179 | 166 | 194 | 195 | 87 | 192 | 183 |
Kiribati | 189 | 192 | 192 | 184 | 189 | 190 | 182 | 174 | 136 |
Yemen | 190 | 190 | 190 | 175 | 179 | 179 | 178 | 141 | 190 |
Marshall Islands | 191 | 189 | 189 | 195 | 189 | 191 | 183 | 179 | 112 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 192 | 194 | 194 | 192 | 194 | 194 | 183 | 167 | 139 |
North Korea | 193 | 191 | 191 | 164 | 185 | 186 | 145 | 191 | 172 |
Somalia | 194 | 193 | 193 | 174 | 153 | 153 | 195 | 188 | 195 |
Equatorial Guinea | 195 | 195 | 195 | 195 | 189 | 189 | 193 | 167 | 144 |
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Score | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 34.73 | 16.96 | 1.9 | 83.1 | 81.2 |
DR | 41.88 | 23.81 | 2.7 | 98.2 | 95.5 |
RR | 38.43 | 15.12 | 11.3 | 91.9 | 80.6 |
HS | 26.43 | 16.87 | 0.3 | 73.8 | 73.5 |
CO | 48.48 | 12.64 | 23.3 | 85.3 | 62.0 |
RE | 55.03 | 16.20 | 15.9 | 87.9 | 72.0 |
AO | 40.20 | 14.52 | 16.2 | 83.5 | 67.3 |
GM | 38.21 | 15.58 | 10.2 | 84.7 | 74.5 |
HM | 35.69 | 16.71 | 1.7 | 84.3 | 82.6 |
Score | PR | DR | RR | HS | CO | RE | AO | GM | HM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 1 | ||||||||
DR | 0.772 * | 1 | |||||||
RR | 0.774 * | 0.987 * | 1 | ||||||
HS | 0.843 * | 0.741 * | 0.747 * | 1 | |||||
CO | 0.636 * | 0.633 * | 0.633 * | 0.583 * | 1 | ||||
RE | 0.576 * | 0.426 * | 0.430 * | 0.624 * | 0.311 * | 1 | |||
AO | 0.916 * | 0.894 * | 0.893 * | 0.914 * | 0.736 * | 0.647 * | 1 | ||
GM | 0.920 * | 0.916 * | 0.915 * | 0.914 * | 0.714 * | 0.631 * | 0.989 * | 1 | |
HM | 0.918 * | 0.900 * | 0.899 * | 0.928 * | 0.693 * | 0.620 * | 0.982 * | 0.997 * | 1 |
Rank | PR | DR | RR | HS | CO | RE | AO | GM | HM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 1 | ||||||||
DR | 0.750 * | 1 | |||||||
RR | 0.750 * | 0.999 * | 1 | ||||||
HS | 0.813 * | 0.720 * | 0.719 * | 1 | |||||
CO | 0.594 * | 0.598 * | 0.598 * | 0.520 * | 1 | ||||
RE | 0.550 * | 0.389 * | 0.388 * | 0.580 * | 0.285 * | 1 | |||
AO | 0.894 * | 0.885 * | 0.885 * | 0.887 * | 0.703 * | 0.612 * | 1 | ||
GM | 0.886 * | 0.884 * | 0.884 * | 0.869 * | 0.726 * | 0.658 * | 0.979 * | 1 | |
HM | 0.845 * | 0.840 * | 0.840 * | 0.838 * | 0.711 * | 0.667 * | 0.950 * | 0.987 * | 1 |
Variables | AO | AO | AO |
---|---|---|---|
PR | 0.186 ** (0.016) | 0.192 ** (0.017) | 0.186 ** (0.016) |
DR | 0.202 ** (0.029) | 0.212 ** (0.009) | |
RR | 0.017 (0.044) | 0.325 ** (0.017) | |
HS | 0.245 ** (0.015) | 0.244 ** (0.016) | 0.246 ** (0.015) |
CO | 0.191 ** (0.013) | 0.194 ** (0.014) | 0.191 ** (0.013) |
RE | 0.129 ** (0.010) | 0.128 ** (0.010) | 0.187 ** (0.010) |
Intercept | 1.813 * (0.867) | −1.864 ** (0.743) | 2.013 ** (0.649) |
R-squared | 0.987 | 0.984 | 0.987 |
F statistic | 2441.94 ** | 1653.93 ** | 2908.46 ** |
Variables | GM | GM | GM |
---|---|---|---|
PR | 0.213 * (0.009) | 0.220 * (0.011) | 0.213 * (0.009) |
DR | 0.228 * (0.015) | 0.272 * (0.006) | |
RR | 0.072 * (0.023) | 0.420 * (0.013) | |
HS | 0.255 * (0.009) | 0.253 * (0.010) | 0.257 * (0.010) |
CO | 0.130 * (0.007) | 0.134 * (0.009) | 0.130 * (0.008) |
RE | 0.110 ** (0.007) | 0.109 * (0.008) | 0.110 * (0.007) |
Intercept | −0.590 * (0.589) | −4.749 * (0.639) | 0.253 * (0.515) |
R-squared | 0.996 | 0.993 | 0.996 |
F statistic | 7255.06* | 2437.79* | 7496.75 * |
Variables | HM | HM | HM |
---|---|---|---|
PR | 0.229 * (0.017) | 0.236 * (0.017) | 0.229 * (0.017) |
DR | 0.244 * (0.028) | 0.259 * (0.013) | |
RR | 0.025 (0.042) | 0.398 * (0.022) | |
HS | 0.365 * (0.022) | 0.363 * (0.022) | 0.366 * (0.022) |
CO | 0.096 * (0.015) | 0.100 * (0.016) | 0.096 * (0.015) |
RE | 0.078 * (0.015) | 0.076 * (0.015) | 0.078 * (0.015) |
Intercept | −2.022 (1.286) | −6.468 * (1.187) | −1.731 (1.088) |
R-squared | 0.986 | 0.983 | 0.986 |
F statistic | 2361.52 * | 1418.52 * | 2830.30 * |
Variable | AO | AO | AO |
---|---|---|---|
PR | 0.214 * (0.028) | 0.213 * (0.028) | 0.214 * (0.028) |
DR | −1.027 (0.804) | 0.368 * (0.024) | |
RR | 1.392 (0.800) | 0.368 * (0.024) | |
HS | 0.278 * (0.027) | 0.277 * (0.028) | 0.277 * (0.028) |
CO | 0.172 * (0.017) | 0.172 * (0.017) | 0.172 * (0.017) |
RE | 0.142 * (0.017) | 0.142 * (0.017) | 0.142 * (0.017) |
Intercept | −16.82 * (1.538) | −16.834 * (1.555) | −16.828 * (1.565) |
R-squared | 0.970 | 0.970 | 0.970 |
F statistic | 1610.21 * | 1787.49 * | 1758.08 * |
Variable | GM | GM | GM |
---|---|---|---|
PR | 0.146 * (0.023) | 0.146 * (0.023) | 0.146 * (0.023) |
DR | −0.434 (0.494) | 0.326 * (0.016) | |
RR | 0.758 (0.489) | 0.326 * (0.016) | |
HS | 0.168 * (0.020) | 0.168 * (0.020) | 0.168 * (0.020) |
CO | 0.186 * (0.013) | 0.186 * (0.013) | 0.186 * (0.013) |
RE | 0.196 * (0.015) | 0.196 * (0.015) | 0.196 * (0.015) |
Intercept | −8.701 * (1.029) | −8.707 * (1.027) | −8.705 * (1.028) |
R-squared | 0.984 | 0.984 | 0.984 |
F statistic | 3060.98 * | 3342.36 * | 3298.33 * |
Variable | HM | HM | HM |
---|---|---|---|
PR | 0.105 * (0.053) | 0.105 * (0.053) | 0.105 * (0.053) |
DR | −1.196 (1.153) | 0.304 ** (0.032) | |
RR | 1.496 (1.143) | 0.304 ** (0.032) | |
HS | 0.172 ** (0.047) | 0.171 ** (0.047) | 0.171 ** (0.047) |
CO | 0.213 ** (0.029) | 0.213 ** (0.030) | 0.213 ** (0.030) |
RE | 0.242 ** (0.035) | 0.241 ** (0.035) | 0.241 ** (0.035) |
Intercept | −16.687 ** (2.051) | −16.701 ** (2.045) | −16.694 ** (2.046) |
R-squared | 0.970 | 0.924 | 0.924 |
F statistic | 1610.21 ** | 765.06 ** | 758.56 ** |
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Chang, C.-L.; McAleer, M. Alternative Global Health Security Indexes for Risk Analysis of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093161
Chang C-L, McAleer M. Alternative Global Health Security Indexes for Risk Analysis of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093161
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Chia-Lin, and Michael McAleer. 2020. "Alternative Global Health Security Indexes for Risk Analysis of COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093161