Prevalence and Determinants of Antibiotic Consumption in the Elderly during 2006–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic, Lifestyle and Health Status Variables
3.2. Antibiotic Consumption
3.3. Association between Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Health Status Variables and Antibiotic Consumption.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 2006 | 2009 | 2011/2012 | 2014 | 2017 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 5322 (%) | n = 4125 (%) | n = 5244 (%) | n = 5862 (%) | n = 6338 (%) | ||
Gender | <0.0001 | |||||
Male | 2230 (41.90) | 1655 (40.12) | 1971 (37.59) | 2469 (42.12) | 2701 (42.62) | |
Female | 3092 (58.10) | 2470 (59.88) | 3273 (62.41) | 3393 (57.88) | 3637 (57.38) | |
Age group (years) | ||||||
65–74 | 2855 (53.65) | 2092 (50.72) | 2433 (46.40) | 2934 (50.05) | 3181 (50.19) | |
75–84 | 2048 (38.48) | 1649 (39.98) | 2070 (39.47) | 2140 (36.51) | 2268 (35.78) | <0.0001 |
≥85 | 419 (7.87) | 384 (9.30) | 741 (14.13) | 788 (13.44) | 889 (14.03) | |
Level of education | <0.0001 | |||||
Without studies | 4402 (82.72) | 1768 (42.86) | 2080 (39.66) | 1900 (32.41) | 1862 (29.38) | |
Primary | 228 (4.28) | 1505 (36.48) | 1214 (23.15) | 2542 (43.36) | 2327 (36.72) | |
Secondary or PT | 546 (10.26) | 584 (14.16) | 1670 (31.85) | 926 (15.80) | 1546 (24.39) | |
University | 146 (2.74) | 268 (6.50) | 280 (5.34) | 494 (8.43) | 603 (9.51) | |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 543 (10.20) | 343 (8.32) | 1570 (29.94) | 497 (8.48) | 505 (7.97) | |
Married | 2802 (52.65) | 2141 (51.90) | 2688 (51.26) | 3005 (51.26) | 3320 (52.38) | <0.0001 |
Widowed | 1851 (34.78) | 1526 (36.99) | 608 (11.59) | 2146 (36.61) | 2218 (35.00) | |
Separated/Divorced | 126 (2.37) | 115 (2.79) | 378 (7.21) | 214 (3.65) | 295 (4.65) | |
Nationality | <0.0001 | |||||
Spanish | 5265 (98.93) | 4074 (98.76) | 4858 (92.64) | 5790 (98.77) | 6244 (98.52) | |
Foreigner | 57 (1.07) | 51 (1.24) | 386 (7.36) | 72 (1.23) | 94 (1.48) | |
Size of town of residence | <0.0001 | |||||
<10,000 inhab | 1712 (32.17) | 1050 (25.45) | 1522 (29.02) | 1506 (25.69) | 1640 (25.88) | |
10,000–100,000 inhab | 1638 (30.78) | 1183 (28.68) | 1550 (29.56) | 1831 (31.24) | 2045 (32.26) | |
>100,000 inhab | 1972 (37.05) | 1892 (45.87) | 2172 (41.42) | 2525 (43.07) | 2653 (41.86) | |
Body Mass Index | <0.0001 | |||||
Underweight | 56 (1.05) | 32 (0.78) | 109 (2.08) | 67 (1.14) | 71 (1.12) | |
Normal weight | 1537 (28.88) | 1173 (28.44) | 2316 (44.16) | 1816 (30.98) | 1966 (31.02) | |
Overweight | 2468 (46.37) | 1903 (46.13) | 1965 (37.47) | 2624 (44.76) | 2813 (44.38) | |
Obesity | 1261 (23.69) | 1017 (24.65) | 854 (16.29) | 1355 (23.12) | 1488 (23.48) | |
Self-perceived health | <0.0001 | |||||
Very good | 322 (6.05) | 204 (4.95) | 1140 (21.74) | 389 (6.64) | 399 (6.30) | |
Good | 1823 (34.25) | 1501 (36.39) | 2547 (48.57) | 2231 (38.06) | 2516 (39.70) | |
Fair | 2207 (41.47) | 1653 (40.07) | 1075 (20.50) | 2129 (36.32) | 2356 (37.17) | |
Poor | 750 (14.10) | 597 (14.47) | 403 (7.68) | 828 (14.12) | 836 (13.19) | |
Very poor | 220 (4.13) | 170 (4.12) | 79 (1.51) | 285 (4.86) | 231 (3.64) | |
Polypharmacy | <0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 1048 (19.69) | 1061 (25.72) | 457 (8.71) | 1515 (25.84) | 1692 (26.70) | |
No | 4274 (80.31) | 3064 (74.28) | 4787 (91.29) | 4347 (74.16) | 4646 (73.30) | |
Number of chronic diseases | <0.0001 | |||||
None | 1430 (26.87) | 833 (20.19) | 2774 (52.90) | 1289 (21.99) | 1274 (20.10) | |
1–2 | 3295 (61.91) | 2644 (64.10) | 2112 (40.27) | 3649 (62.25) | 3768 (59.45) | |
≥3 | 597 (11.22) | 648 (15.71) | 358 (6.83) | 924 (15.76) | 1296 (20.45) | |
Currently smoking | <0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 455 (8.55) | 322 (7.81) | 1349 (25.72) | 472 (8.05) | 567 (8.95) | |
No | 4867 (91.45) | 3803 (92.19) | 3895 (74.28) | 5390 (91.95) | 5771 (91.05) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Yes | 508 (9.55) | 1774 (43.01) | 846 (16.13) | 3010 (51.35) | 3259 (51.42) | <0.0001 |
No | 4814 (90.45) | 2351 (56.99) | 4398 (83.87) | 2852 (48.65) | 3079 (48.58) | |
Hospitalization during the past twelve months | ||||||
Yes | 774 (14.54) | 683 (16.56) | 468 (8.92) | 841 (14.35) | 931 (14.69) | <0.0001 |
No | 4548 (85.46) | 3442 (83.44) | 4776 (91.08) | 5021 (85.65) | 5407 (85.31) | |
Degree of limitation due to a health problem for at least six months | ||||||
Severely limited | 491 (9.23) | 416 (10.08) | 184 (3.51) | 728 (12.42) | 635 (10.02) | <0.0001 |
Limited but not severely | 1696 (31.86) | 1730 (41.94) | 894 (17.05) | 2222 (37.91) | 2434 (38.40) | |
Not at all limited | 3135 (58.91) | 1979 (47.98) | 4166 (79.44) | 2912 (49.67) | 3269 (51.58) |
Variables | Antibiotic Consumption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1328 | |||||
n (%) | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | ORa (CI 95%) | p-Value | |
Year of the surveys | |||||
2006 | 247 (18.60) | Reference | Reference | ||
2009 | 181 (13.63) | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | 0.56 | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 0.1 |
2011/2012 | 175 (13.18) | 0.71 (0.58–1.86) | 0.32 | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.75 |
2014 | 357 (26.88) | 1.33 (1.13–1.57) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.02 |
2017 | 368 (27.71) | 1.27 (0.67–1.49) | 0.08 | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 0.07 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 511 (38.48) | Reference | 0.06 | ||
Female | 817 (61.52) | 1.12 (0.99–1.25) | |||
Age group (years) | |||||
65–74 | 663 (49.92) | Reference | |||
75–84 | 502 (37.81) | 1.00 (0.89–1.31) | 0.94 | ||
≥85 | 163 (12.27) | 1.03 (0.87–1.23) | 0.73 | ||
Level of education | |||||
Without studies | 613 (46.16) | Reference | |||
Primary | 365 (27.49) | 1.21 (0.28–5.21) | 0.8 | ||
Secondary or PT | 257 (19.35) | 1.76 (0.14–4.02) | 0.75 | ||
University | 93 (7.00) | 3.43 (0.53–2.32) | 0.2 | ||
Marital status | |||||
Single | 124 (9.34) | Reference | |||
Married | 713 (53.69) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.17 | ||
Widowed | 436 (32.83) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.53 | ||
Separated/Divorced | 55 (4.14) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 0.87 | ||
Nationality | |||||
Spanish | 1302 (98.04) | Reference | 0.23 | ||
Foreigner | 26 (1.96) | 1.27 (0.86–1.89) | |||
Size of town of residence | |||||
<10,000 inhab | 334 (25.15) | Reference | |||
10,000–100,000 inhab | 431 (32.46) | 1.17 (0.81–1.36) | 0.08 | ||
>100,000 inhab | 563 (42.39) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) | 0.1 | ||
Body Mass Index | |||||
Underweight | 15 (1.13) | Reference | |||
Normal weight | 409 (30.80) | 1.04 (0.61–1.76) | 0.89 | ||
Overweight | 551 (41.49) | 1.05 (0.62–1.77) | 0.86 | ||
Obesity | 353 (26.58) | 1.34 (0.79–2.27) | 0.28 | ||
Self-perceived health | |||||
Very good | 49 (3.69) | Reference | Reference | ||
Good | 296 (22.29) | 1.41 (1.04–1.91) | 0.03 | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) | 0.15 |
Fair | 506 (38.10) | 2.79 (2.07–3.75) | <0.01 | 1.63 (1.19–2.23) | <0.01 |
Poor | 360 (27.11) | 5.79 (4.27–7.84) | <0.01 | 2.34 (1.67–3.27) | <0.01 |
Very poor | 117 (8.81) | 6.61 (4.67–9.32) | <0.01 | 2.14 (1.46–3.14) | <0.01 |
Polypharmacy | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 659 (49.62) | Reference | <0.01 | Reference | |
No | 669 (50.38) | 3.94 (3.52–4.41) | 2.57 (2.26–2.92) | ||
Number of chronic diseases | |||||
None | 218 (16.42) | Reference | |||
1–2 | 775 (58.36) | 1.79 (1.53–2.08) | <0.01 | ||
≥3 | 335 (25.22) | 3.25 (2.73–3.88) | <0.01 | ||
Currently smoking | |||||
Yes | 122 (9.19) | Reference | <0.01 | ||
No | 1206 (90.81) | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) | |||
Alcohol consumption | |||||
Yes | 432 (32.53) | Reference | 0.06 | ||
No | 896 (67.47) | 0.89 (0.79–1) | |||
Hospitalization during the past twelve months | |||||
Yes | 395 (29.74) | Reference | <0.01 | Reference | <0.01 |
No | 933 (70.26) | 2.85 (2.52–3.23) | 1.89 (1.67–2.16) | ||
Degree of limitation due to a health problem for at least six months | |||||
Severely limited | 284 (21.39) | Reference | Reference | ||
Limited but not severely | 586 (44.12) | 0.53 (0.46–0.62) | <0.01 | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | <0.01 |
Not at all limited | 458 (34.49) | 0.23 (0.20–0.27) | <0.01 | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | <0.01 |
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Share and Cite
Portero de la Cruz, S.; Cebrino, J. Prevalence and Determinants of Antibiotic Consumption in the Elderly during 2006–2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093243
Portero de la Cruz S, Cebrino J. Prevalence and Determinants of Antibiotic Consumption in the Elderly during 2006–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093243
Chicago/Turabian StylePortero de la Cruz, Silvia, and Jesús Cebrino. 2020. "Prevalence and Determinants of Antibiotic Consumption in the Elderly during 2006–2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093243