Cardiovascular Risk Distribution in a Contemporary Polish Collective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
- place of residence in Westpomeranian Province;
- participation in the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program financed by the National Health Fund in the years 2012, 2013, 2017, and 2018;
- age of 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 years;
- early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases;
- using services provided as part of the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program during the previous five years.
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Sampling Analyses
2.4. Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the Frequency of Selected Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
3.2. Analysis of the Prevalence of Selected Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease with Regard to Sex
3.3. Analysis of the Prevalence of Selected Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease with Regard to Age Brackets
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The study sample had multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the most common of which were hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, overweight, obesity, low physical activity, smoking, and a family history of early cardiovascular disease.
- In the studied population, men and elderly people were the groups requiring special preventive actions reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease (especially hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, overweight and obesity, smoking).
- According to the SCORE results, men were more often diagnosed with moderate, high, and very high risk of a cardiovascular incident ending in death than women.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Range |
---|---|
Blood pressure | SBP > 140 mmHg or DBP > 90 mmHg hypertension: in two independent measurements: SBP >140 mmHg and/or DBP >90 mmHg |
Body weight | underweight < 18.5 [kg/m2] normal weight of 18.5–25 [kg/m2] overweight 25–29.9 [kg/m2] obesity ≥ 30 [kg/m2] |
Visceral obesity | waist circumference: men > 94 cm, women > 80 cm |
Diabetes | fasting glucose ≥ 126 [mg/dl] |
Prediabetes | fasting glucose 100–125 [mg/dl] |
Lipid panel | TC < 190 [mg/dl] LDL-C ≤ 115 [mg/dl] HDL-C ≥ 40 [mg/dl] for men; ≥ 45 [mg/dl] for women TG > 150 [mg/dl] |
Low physical activity | at least 30 min < 3 times a week |
Smoking | >1 cigarette per day |
Positive family history | stroke and/or a myocardial infarction―father before the age of 55 years; mother before the age of 60 years |
Variable | Women | Men | χ2 | p * | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||||
Genetics | negative | 1108 | 87.6 | 678 | 91.1 | 6.187 | 0.045 | |
1 parent | 154 | 12.2 | 64 | 8.6 | ||||
2 parents | 3 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | ||||
Smoking | never | 758 | 59.9 | 315 | 42.3 | 58.313 | 0.000 | |
gave up smoking | 251 | 19.8 | 217 | 29.2 | ||||
smokes | 256 | 20.2 | 212 | 28.5 | ||||
Physical activity | <3 times a week | 948 | 75.0 | 522 | 70.2 | 6.041 | 0.048 | |
3–5 times a week | 240 | 19.0 | 174 | 23.4 | ||||
>5 times a week | 76 | 6.0 | 48 | 6.5 | ||||
SBP [mmHg] | normal | 1213 | 95.9 | 655 | 88.0 | 44.256 | 0.000 | 3.17 (2.22; 4.52) |
elevated | 52 | 4.1 | 89 | 12.0 | ||||
DBP [mmHg] | normal | 1177 | 93.0 | 685 | 92.1 | 0.654 | 0.418 | 1.15 (0.82; 1.62) |
elevated | 88 | 7.0 | 59 | 7.9 | ||||
Body mass index | underweight | 20 | 1.6 | 2 | 0.3 | 164.29 | 0.000 | |
normal | 758 | 60.0 | 237 | 31.9 | ||||
overweight | 344 | 27.2 | 363 | 48.9 | ||||
obesity | 141 | 11.2 | 141 | 19.0 | ||||
Glycemia [mg/dl] | normal | 1164 | 92.0 | 604 | 81.2 | 52.371 | 0.000 | |
prediabetes | 98 | 7.7 | 134 | 18.0 | ||||
diabetes | 3 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.8 | ||||
TC [mg/dL] | ≤190 | 580 | 45.8 | 241 | 32.6 | 45.859 | 0.000 | |
191–250 | 602 | 47.6 | 402 | 54.4 | ||||
>250 | 83 | 6.6 | 96 | 13.0 | ||||
LDL-C [mg/dL] | ≤115 | 705 | 55.9 | 292 | 39.2 | 52.144 | 0.000 | |
116–130 | 180 | 14.3 | 152 | 20.4 | ||||
>130 | 376 | 29.8 | 300 | 40.3 | ||||
HDL-C [mg/dL] | normal | 1193 | 94.5 | 667 | 89.7 | 16.530 | 0.000 | 2.00 (1.42; 2.80) |
decreased | 69 | 5.5 | 77 | 10.3 | ||||
TG [mg/dL] | ≤150 | 1164 | 92.0 | 541 | 72.7 | 135.89 | 0.000 | 4.32 (3.34; 5.61) |
>150 | 101 | 8.0 | 203 | 27.3 | ||||
SCORE | <1% | 872 | 68.9 | 112 | 15.1 | 598.37 | 0.000 | |
1%–4% | 392 | 31.0 | 549 | 73.8 | ||||
5%–9% | 1 | 0.1 | 69 | 9.3 | ||||
≥10% | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 1.9 |
Variable | Women | Men | t | p * | d (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Age [years] | 43.2 | 6.9 | 43.4 | 7.0 | −0.760 | 0.447 | 0.035 (−0.056; 0.125) |
Arm circumference [cm] | 27.7 | 3.5 | 31.2 | 3.6 | −20.967 | 0.000 | 0.972 (0.876; 1.067) |
Waist circumference [cm] | 81.3 | 11.2 | 94.3 | 11.2 | −25.133 | 0.000 | 1.162 (1.064; 1.259) |
BMI | 24.7 | 4.4 | 26.9 | 3.9 | −11.533 | 0.000 | 0.533 (0.441; 0.625) |
SBP [mmHg] | 113.4 | 12.2 | 121.8 | 13.2 | −14.451 | 0.000 | 0.668 (0.575; 0.761) |
DBP [mmHg] | 72.7 | 7.6 | 76.9 | 8.2 | −11.710 | 0.000 | 0.540 (0.448; 0.632) |
Pulse [ud/min] | 72.6 | 6.9 | 72.6 | 6.9 | −0.074 | 0.941 | 0.004 (−0.086; 0.095) |
Glycemia [mg/dL] | 88.8 | 8.8 | 93.6 | 13.0 | −9.838 | 0.000 | 0.454 (0.362; 0.545) |
TC [mg/dL] | 198.7 | 35.5 | 207.1 | 37.8 | −4.992 | 0.000 | 0.231 (0.140; 0.321) |
LDL-C [mg/dL] | 111.7 | 31.5 | 124.7 | 34 | −8.615 | 0.000 | 0.399 (0.307; 0.490) |
HDL-C [mg/dL] | 68.9 | 17.0 | 56.6 | 16.6 | 15.801 | 0.000 | −0.730 (−0,823; −0.636) |
TG [mg/dL] | 90.7 | 48.9 | 133.6 | 78.7 | −15.085 | 0.000 | 1.050 (0.953; 1.146) |
Variable | 35–44 | 45–55 | χ2 | p * | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||||
Sex | women | 651 | 63.6 | 614 | 62.3 | 0.331 | 0.565 | 1.5 (0.88; 1.6) |
men | 373 | 36.4 | 371 | 37.7 | ||||
Genetics | negative | 909 | 88.8 | 877 | 89.0 | 1.690 | 0.430 | |
1 parent | 111 | 10.8 | 107 | 10.9 | ||||
2 parents | 4 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.1 | ||||
Smoking | never | 590 | 57.6 | 483 | 49.0 | 16.244 | 0.000 | |
gave up smoking | 226 | 22.1 | 242 | 24.6 | ||||
smokes | 208 | 20.3 | 260 | 26.4 | ||||
Physical activity | <3 times a week | 756 | 73.8 | 714 | 72.6 | 5.275 | 0.072 | |
3–5 times a week | 217 | 21.2 | 197 | 20.0 | ||||
>5 times a week | 51 | 5.0 | 73 | 7.4 | ||||
SBP [mmHg] | normal | 979 | 95.6 | 889 | 90.3 | 22.034 | 0.000 | 2.35 (1.63; 3.39) |
elevated | 45 | 4.4 | 96 | 9.7 | ||||
DBP [mmHg] | normal | 933 | 91.1 | 929 | 94.3 | 7.588 | 0.006 | 0.62 (0.44; 0.87) |
elevated | 91 | 8.9 | 56 | 5.7 | ||||
Body mass index | underweight | 11 | 1.1 | 11 | 1.1 | 23.955 | 0.000 | |
normal | 562 | 54.9 | 433 | 44.0 | ||||
overweight | 321 | 31.4 | 386 | 39.3 | ||||
obesity | 129 | 12.6 | 153 | 15.6 | ||||
Glycemia [mg/dl] | normal | 939 | 91.7 | 829 | 84.2 | 27.028 | 0.000 | |
prediabetes | 82 | 8.0 | 150 | 15.2 | ||||
diabetes | 3 | 0.3 | 6 | 0.6 | ||||
TC [mg/dL] | ≤190 | 537 | 52.7 | 284 | 28.8 | 127.40 | 0.000 | |
191–250 | 428 | 42.0 | 576 | 58.5 | ||||
>250 | 54 | 5.3 | 125 | 12.7 | ||||
LDL-C [mg/dL] | ≤115 | 580 | 56.9 | 417 | 42.3 | 50.290 | 0.000 | |
116–130 | 166 | 16.3 | 166 | 16.9 | ||||
>130 | 274 | 26.9 | 402 | 40.8 | ||||
HDL-C [mg/dL] | normal | 958 | 93.6 | 902 | 91.9 | 2.150 | 0.143 | 1.29 (0.92; 1.81) |
decreased | 66 | 6.4 | 80 | 8.1 | ||||
TG [mg/dL] | ≤150 | 888 | 86.7 | 817 | 82.9 | 5.570 | 0.018 | 1.34 (1.05; 1.72) |
>150 | 136 | 13.3 | 168 | 17.1 | ||||
SCORE | <1% | 751 | 73.3 | 233 | 23.7 | 521.93 | 0.000 | |
1%–4% | 273 | 26.7 | 668 | 67.8 | ||||
5%–9% | 0 | 0.0 | 70 | 7.1 | ||||
≥10% | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 1.4 |
Variable | 35–44 | 45–55 | t | p * | d (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Arm circumference [cm] | 28.9 | 4.1 | 29.1 | 3.7 | −0.836 | 0.403 | 0.036 (–0.052; 0.123) |
Waist circumference [cm] | 85.2 | 12.8 | 87.1 | 12.8 | –3.293 | 0.001 | 0.147 (0.059; 0.235) |
BMI | 25.1 | 4.5 | 25.9 | 4.2 | –3.878 | 0.000 | 0.174 (0.087; 0.262) |
SBP [mmHg] | 114.7 | 11.4 | 115.2 | 12.9 | –0.682 | 0.496 | 0.05 (–0.11; 0.21) |
DBP [mmHg] | 73 | 7.2 | 74.4 | 7.4 | –2.802 | 0.005 | 0.19 (0.03; 0.36) |
Pulse [ud/min] | 72.3 | 6.9 | 72.9 | 6.9 | –1.792 | 0.073 | 0.080 (–0.008; 0.167) |
Glycemia [mg/dL] | 89 | 10.5 | 92.3 | 10.9 | –6.735 | 0.000 | 0.300 (0.213; 0.388) |
TC [mg/dL] | 193.4 | 35 | 210.6 | 36.1 | –10.838 | 0.000 | 0.484 (0.395; 0.572) |
LDL-C [mg/dL] | 109.1 | 30.4 | 124.2 | 33.8 | –10.493 | 0.000 | 0.469 (0.380; 0.557) |
HDL-C [mg/dL] | 64.1 | 17.8 | 64.6 | 18 | –0.671 | 0.502 | 0.030 (–0.058; 0.117) |
TG [mg/dL] | 10 | 63.7 | 112.4 | 65.9 | –3.933 | 0.000 | 0.176 (0.088; 0.263) |
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Liput-Sikora, A.; Cybulska, A.M.; Fabian, W.; Fabian-Danielewska, A.; Stanisławska, M.; Kamińska, M.S.; Grochans, E. Cardiovascular Risk Distribution in a Contemporary Polish Collective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093306
Liput-Sikora A, Cybulska AM, Fabian W, Fabian-Danielewska A, Stanisławska M, Kamińska MS, Grochans E. Cardiovascular Risk Distribution in a Contemporary Polish Collective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093306
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiput-Sikora, Anita, Anna Maria Cybulska, Wiesława Fabian, Anna Fabian-Danielewska, Marzanna Stanisławska, Magdalena Sylwia Kamińska, and Elżbieta Grochans. 2020. "Cardiovascular Risk Distribution in a Contemporary Polish Collective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093306