Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Risk Groups in Chinese Employees in Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Respondents
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Questionnaire
Socio-Demographic Information
Annual and Lifetime Prevalence of Workplace Bullying
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
3.2. Annual and Lifetime Prevalence of Workplace Bullying
3.3. Characteristics of the Risk Groups of Workplace Bullying
3.4. Risk Groups Associated with Workplace Bullying
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Gender (n = 2657) | |
Male | 1450 (54.6) |
Female | 1207 (45.4) |
Educational attainment (n = 2649) | |
Primary education or below | 79 (3.0) |
Secondary education | 1383 (52.2) |
College | 473 (17.9) |
Bachelor’s degree | 461 (17.4) |
Master’s degree or above | 253 (9.6) |
Age (years) (n = 2657) | |
18–30 | 55 (2.1) |
31–40 | 1106 (41.6) |
41–50 | 1330 (50.1) |
51–60 | 166 (6.2) |
Marital status (n = 2634) | |
Married/cohabitation | 2483 (94.3) |
Separated/divorced/widowed/others | 151 (5.7) |
Number of children (n = 2653) | |
1 | 875 (33.0) |
2 | 1488 (56.1) |
3 or more | 290 (10.9) |
Occupational group (n = 2464) | |
Craft and related workers | 176 (7.1) |
Clerical support workers | 378 (15.3) |
Associate professionals | 150 (6.1) |
Service and sales workers | 374 (15.2) |
Managers and administrators | 495 (20.1) |
Unskilled workers | 116 (4.7) |
Professionals | 358 (14.5) |
Disciplinary force personnel | 106 (4.3) |
Plant and machine operators and assemblers | 114 (4.6) |
Others | 197 (8.0) |
Monthly individual income (HK$) (n = 2451) | |
≤9999 | 282 (11.5) |
10,000–19,999 | 715 (29.2) |
20,000–29,999 | 528 (21.5) |
30,000–39,999 | 386 (15.8) |
≥40,000 | 540 (22.0) |
Reported Workplace Bullying in the Past 12 Months | Reported Workplace Bullying during Lifetime | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Never Bullied n (row%) | Ever Bullied n (row%) | χ2 p-Value | Phi/ Cramer’s V | Never Bullied n (row%) | Ever Bullied n (row%) | χ2 p-Value | Phi/ Cramer’s V |
All | 1589 (61.0) | 1018 (39.0) | 1081 (41.1) | 1550 (58.9) | ||||
Gender | 0.986 | <.001 | 0.144 | 0.03 | ||||
Male | 870 (61.0) | 557 (39.0) | 610 (42.4) | 830 (57.6) | ||||
Female | 719 (60.9) | 461 (39.1) | 471 (39.5) | 720 (60.5) | ||||
Educational attainment | 0.001 | 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.15 | ||||
Primary education or below | 52 (66.7) | 26 (33.3) | 47 (60.3) | 31 (39.7) | ||||
Secondary education | 868 (64.2) | 484 (35.8) | 627 (45.8) | 743 (54.2) | ||||
College | 277 (60.0) | 185 (40.0) | 186 (39.9) | 280 (60.1) | ||||
Bachelor’s degree | 248 (54.0) | 211 (46.0) | 142 (31.1) | 315 (68.9) | ||||
Master’s degree or above | 137 (55.2) | 111 (44.8) | 74 (29.4) | 178 (70.6) | ||||
Age (years) | 0.273 | 0.04 | 0.006 | 0.07 | ||||
18–30 | 37 (72.5) | 14 (27.5) | 34 (64.2) | 19 (35.8) | ||||
31–40 | 648 (59.9) | 434 (40.1) | 441 (40.3) | 652 (59.7) | ||||
41–50 | 799 (61.0) | 510 (39.0) | 536 (40.5) | 786 (59.5) | ||||
51–60 | 105 (63.6) | 60 (36.4) | 70 (42.9) | 93 (57.1) | ||||
Marital status | 0.801 | 0.01 | 0.792 | 0.01 | ||||
Married/cohabitation | 1485 (60.9) | 953 (39.1) | 1006 (40.9) | 1453 (59.1) | ||||
Separated/divorced/widowed/others | 88 (59.9) | 59 (40.1) | 63 (42.0) | 87 (58.0) | ||||
Number of children | 0.499 | 0.02 | 0.126 | 0.04 | ||||
1 | 514 (59.6) | 349 (40.4) | 341 (39.2) | 528 (60.8) | ||||
2 | 898 (61.4) | 565 (38.6) | 606 (41.3) | 863 (58.7) | ||||
3 or more | 175 (63.2) | 102 (36.8) | 133 (46.0) | 156 (54.0) | ||||
Occupational group | 0.054 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.12 | ||||
Craft and related workers | 103 (60.9) | 66 (39.1) | 81 (47.1) | 91 (52.9) | ||||
Clerical support workers | 239 (63.7) | 136 (36.3) | 135 (36.1) | 239 (63.9) | ||||
Associate professionals | 78 (53.8) | 67 (46.2) | 53 (35.3) | 97 (64.7) | ||||
Service and sales workers | 231 (62.9) | 136 (37.1) | 177 (48.0) | 192 (52.0) | ||||
Managers and administrators | 299 (61.3) | 189 (38.7) | 187 (38.2) | 303 (61.8) | ||||
Unskilled workers | 70 (63.1) | 41 (36.9) | 51 (45.1) | 62 (54.9) | ||||
Professionals | 194 (54.3) | 163 (45.7) | 116 (32.6) | 240 (67.4) | ||||
Disciplinary force personnel | 55 (51.9) | 51 (48.1) | 37 (34.9) | 69 (65.1) | ||||
Plant and machine operators or assemblers | 73 (64.6) | 40 (35.4) | 55 (48.2) | 59 (51.8) | ||||
Others | 123 (64.4) | 68 (35.6) | 92 (46.9) | 104 (53.1) | ||||
Monthly individual income (HK$) | <0.001 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.13 | ||||
≤9999 | 185 (68.3) | 86 (31.7) | 145 (52.5) | 131 (47.5) | ||||
10,000–19,999 | 457 (65.0) | 246 (35.0) | 320 (45.5) | 384 (54.5) | ||||
20,000–29,999 | 317 (60.2) | 210 (39.8) | 202 (38.4) | 324 (61.6) | ||||
30,000–39,999 | 206 (54.4) | 173 (45.6) | 125 (32.6) | 259 (67.4) | ||||
≥40,000 | 295 (55.3) | 238 (44.7) | 184 (34.3) | 352 (65.7) |
Reported Workplace Bullying in the Past 12 Months | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristics | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
Educational attainment | 0.235 | |
Primary education or below | 1 (reference) | |
Secondary education | 0.98 (0.59–1.63) | 0.935 |
College | 1.16 (0.68–1.99) | 0.583 |
Bachelor’s degree | 1.28 (0.74–2.21) | 0.376 |
Master’s degree or above | 1.15 (0.64–2.07) | 0.639 |
Monthly individual income (HK$) | 0.010 | |
≤9999 | 1 (reference) | |
10,000–19,999 | 1.17 (0.67–1.58) | 0.309 |
20,000–29,999 | 1.38 (1.01–1.89) | 0.043 |
30,000–39,999 | 1.70 (1.22–2.37) | 0.002 |
≥40,000 | 1.55 (1.11–2.18) | 0.011 |
Reported Workplace Bullying during Lifetime | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristics | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
Educational attainment | 0.004 | |
Primary education or below | 1 (reference) | |
Secondary education | 1.36 (0.82–2.28) | 0.237 |
College | 1.69 (0.97–2.95) | 0.062 |
Bachelor’s degree | 2.14 (1.20–3.82) | 0.010 |
Master’s degree or above | 2.46 (1.31–4.61) | 0.005 |
Age (years) | 0.379 | |
18–30 | 1 (reference) | |
31–40 | 1.62 (0.86–3.05) | 0.133 |
41–50 | 1.47 (0.78–2.77) | 0.235 |
51–60 | 1.50 (0.74–3.06) | 0.262 |
Occupational group | 0.219 | |
Craft and related workers | 1.06 (0.69–1.63) | 0.792 |
Clerical support workers | 1.56 (1.08–2.24) | 0.017 |
Associate professionals | 1.28 (0.81–2.02) | 0.301 |
Service and sales workers | 1.22 (0.85–1.76) | 0.280 |
Managers and administrators | 1.03 (0.72–1.48) | 0.876 |
Unskilled workers | 1.55 (0.95–2.55) | 0.080 |
Professionals | 1.20 (0.80–1.79) | 0.387 |
Disciplinary force personnel | 1.19 (0.71–2.02) | 0.509 |
Plant and machine operators or assemblers | 1.02 (0.63–1.65) | 0.924 |
Others | 1 (reference) | |
Monthly individual income (HK$) | 0.001 | |
≤9999 | 1 (reference) | |
10,000–19,999 | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.055 |
20,000–29,999 | 1.71 (1.24–2.36) | 0.001 |
30,000–39,999 | 2.20 (1.52–3.19) | <0.001 |
≥40,000 | 1.73 (1.20–2.51) | 0.004 |
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Ng, C.S.M.; Chan, V.C.W. Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Risk Groups in Chinese Employees in Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010329
Ng CSM, Chan VCW. Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Risk Groups in Chinese Employees in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010329
Chicago/Turabian StyleNg, Catalina Sau Man, and Victor C. W. Chan. 2021. "Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Risk Groups in Chinese Employees in Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010329