Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Changes in Zolpidem Use Due to Media Broadcasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zolpidem (n = 129,787) | Other Hypnotics (n = 241,048) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Number of user | 42,921 | (3.73) | 43,505 | (3.72) | 43,361 | (3.69) | 77,828 | (6.77) | 81,028 | (6.92) | 82,192 | (7.00) |
Age a,b,c | ||||||||||||
20–39 | 5864 | (13.66) | 5766 | (13.25) | 5311 | (12.25) | 12,204 | (15.68) | 13,096 | (16.16) | 13,133 | (15.98) |
40–64 | 19,793 | (46.11) | 20,232 | (46.50) | 20,964 | (48.35) | 35,871 | (46.09) | 37,121 | (45.81) | 38,867 | (47.29) |
65+ | 17,264 | (40.22) | 17,507 | (40.24) | 17,086 | (39.40) | 29,753 | (38.23) | 30,811 | (38.03) | 30,192 | (36.73) |
Sex, Female a,b,c | 27,132 | (63.21) | 27,359 | (62.89) | 27,278 | (62.91) | 50,707 | (65.15) | 52,316 | (64.57) | 53,130 | (64.64) |
Type of health insurance a,b,c | ||||||||||||
Health Insurance | 38,666 | (90.09) | 39,088 | (89.85) | 38,891 | (89.69) | 70,364 | (90.41) | 73,370 | (90.55) | 74,195 | (90.27) |
Medical Aid | 3892 | (9.07) | 4063 | (9.34) | 4138 | (9.54) | 6986 | (8.98) | 7176 | (8.86) | 7478 | (9.10) |
National Meritorious service | 363 | (0.85) | 354 | (0.81) | 332 | (0.77) | 478 | (0.61) | 482 | (0.59) | 519 | (0.63) |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
Depression a,b,c | 13,678 | (31.87) | 13,739 | (31.58) | 13,279 | (30.62) | 31,181 | (40.06) | 32,513 | (40.13) | 33,547 | (40.82) |
Bipolar disorder | 2932 | (6.83) | 2874 | (6.61) | 3086 | (7.12) | 5215 | (6.70) | 5484 | (6.77) | 6181 | (7.52) |
Anxiety disorder a,b,c | 16,804 | (39.15) | 16,773 | (38.55) | 16,714 | (38.55) | 47,206 | (60.65) | 49,058 | (60.54) | 50,174 | (61.04) |
Schizophrenia b,c | 1827 | (4.26) | 1718 | (3.95) | 1766 | (4.07) | 3482 | (4.47) | 3536 | (4.36) | 3957 | (4.81) |
Substance Use Disorder a | 1314 | (3.06) | 1188 | (2.73) | 1328 | (3.06) | 2210 | (2.84) | 2161 | (2.67) | 2542 | (3.09) |
Headache a,b,c | 13,409 | (31.24) | 12,900 | (29.65) | 12,977 | (29.93) | 27,796 | (35.71) | 28,184 | (34.78) | 28,711 | (34.93) |
Dementia a,b,c | 2993 | (6.97) | 3092 | (7.11) | 3030 | (6.99) | 5720 | (7.35) | 6106 | (7.54) | 6304 | (7.67) |
CCI score, mean ± SD a,b,c | 2.33 | 2.36 | 2.42 | 2.40 | 2.26 | 2.23 | 2.18 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.10 | 2.11 |
0 | 9672 | (22.53) | 9231 | (21.22) | 9723 | (22.42) | 18,210 | (23.40) | 18,062 | (22.29) | 19,701 | (23.97) |
1 or 2 | 17,584 | (40.97) | 17,776 | (40.86) | 18,177 | (41.92) | 33,086 | (42.51) | 34,104 | (42.09) | 35,316 | (42.97) |
≥ 3 | 15,665 | (36.50) | 16,498 | (37.92) | 15,461 | (35.66) | 26,532 | (34.09) | 28,862 | (35.62) | 27,175 | (33.06) |
Subgroup | Zolpidem Estimate (95% CI; Lower, Upper) | Other Hypnotics Estimate (95% CI; Lower, Upper) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | Baseline Trend | Broadcasting | Time after Broadcasting | Intercept | Baseline Trend | Broadcasting | Time after Broadcasting | |
Overall | 1.905 (1.880, 1.930) | 0.010 (0.008, 0.012) | −0.178 (−0.214, −0.142) | −0.003 (−0.006, <0.001) | 3.760 (3.718, 3.802) | 0.007 (0.003, 0.011) | −0.020 (−0.088, 0.047) | 0.003 (−0.002, 0.008) |
Male | 1.649 (1.616, 1.682) | 0.01 (0.008, 0.012) | −0.172 (−0.202, −0.142) | −0.004 (−0.007, −0.001) | 3.067 (2.996, 3.137) | 0.006 (0.000, 0.013) | −0.022 (−0.123, 0.080) | −0.001 (−0.010, 0.009) |
Female | 2.119 (2.017, 2.221) | 0.008 (0.001, 0.015) | −0.170 (−0.266, −0.074) | 0.000 (−0.010, 0.010) | 4.280 (4.191, 4.369) | 0.009 (0.000, 0.017) | −0.033 (−0.164, 0.098) | 0.000 (−0.012, 0.012) |
Age group | ||||||||
20–39 | 0.820 (0.801, 0.839) | 0.008 (0.006, 0.009) | −0.133 (−0.162, −0.104) | −0.003 (−0.006, −0.001) | 1.615 (1.568, 1.662) | 0.012 (0.008, 0.017) | 0.027 (−0.045, 0.100) | 0.001 (−0.006, 0.006) |
40–64 | 1.741 (1.715, 1.768) | 0.010 (0.008, 0.012) | −0.170 (−0.201, −0.14) | −0.003 (−0.006, 0.000) | 3.450 (3.392, 3.508) | 0.004 (0.000, 0.008) | −0.051 (−0.112, 0.009) | 0.004 (−0.002, 0.010) |
65+ | 3.382 (3.302, 3.462) | 0.009 (0.001, 0.017) | −0.239 (−0.367, −0.112) | 0.003 (−0.006, 0.013) | 6.553 (6.471, 6.635) | 0.009 (0.004, 0.014) | −0.047 (−0.118, 0.023) | 0.000 (−0.007, 0.008) |
Health insurance | 1.733 (1.706, 1.761) | 0.008 (0.006, 0.011) | −0.164 (−0.201, −0.127) | −0.003 (−0.006, 0.001) | 3.393 (3.319, 3.467) | 0.006 (−0.001, 0.013) | −0.008 (−0.115, 0.098) | 0.000 (−0.011, 0.010) |
Medical Aid | 5.329 (5.238, 5.421) | 0.045 (0.037, 0.054) | −0.391 (−0.538, −0.244) | −0.003 (−0.014, 0.009) | 11.542 (11.387, 11.697) | 0.019 (0.005, 0.034) | −0.192 (−0.415, 0.031) | 0.052 (0.031, 0.074) |
National Meritorious service | 4.866 (4.581, 5.151) | 0.012 (−0.016, 0.039) | −0.715 (−1.175, −0.255) | 0.029 (−0.008, 0.065) | 6.580 (6.231, 6.928) | 0.003 (−0.027, 0.032) | −0.157 (−0.568, 0.253) | 0.069 (0.024, 0.114) |
Psychiatric disorder (−) | 0.844 (0.819, 0.870) | 0.007 (0.005, 0.009) | −0.102 (−0.137, −0.067) | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.001) | 0.670 (0.651, 0.690) | 0.002 (0.000, 0.003) | −0.014 (−0.033, 0.005) | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.003) |
Psychiatric disorder (1) (+) | 6.451 (6.343, 6.559) | 0.038 (0.029, 0.047) | −0.528 (−0.663, −0.394) | −0.022 (−0.035, −0.009) | 17.024 (16.759, 17.290) | 0.071 (0.046, 0.095) | −0.086 (−0.468, 0.296) | −0.029 (−0.065, 0.007) |
CCI score | ||||||||
0 | 0.984 (0.958, 1.010) | 0.007 (0.004, 0.009) | −0.100 (−0.143, −0.057) | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | 2.004 (1.960, 2.047) | 0.005 (0.001, 0.009) | 0.009 (−0.061, 0.079) | 0.010 (0.005, 0.016) |
1 and 2 | 1.873 (1.814, 1.933) | 0.005 (0.001, 0.01) | −0.166 (−0.235, −0.097) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.01) | 3.776 (3.671, 3.881) | −0.004 (−0.013, 0.006) | −0.015 (−0.162, 0.133) | 0.020 (0.005, 0.034) |
≥3 | 3.862 (3.781, 3.942) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.011) | −0.250 (−0.377, −0.123) | 0.015 (0.005, 0.025) | 7.162 (7.052, 7.273) | 0.006 (−0.005, 0.016) | −0.021 (−0.180, 0.138) | −0.001 (−0.016, 0.015) |
Subgroup | Zolpidem Estimate (95% CI; Lower, Upper); | Other Hypnotics Estimate (95% CI; Lower, Upper) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | Baseline Trend | Broadcasting | Time after Broadcasting | Intercept | Baseline Trend | Broadcasting | Time after Broadcasting | |
Overall | 0.690 (0.671, 0.709) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.002) | 0.031 (0.000, 0.062) | −0.002 (−0.005, 0.000) | 0.513. (0.505, 0.521) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | −0.003 (−0.015, 0.008) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) |
Male | 0.703 (0.700, 0.706) | 0.001 (0.001, 0.001) | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.007) | −0.001 (−0.001, −0.001) | 0.550 (0.54, 0.560) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.002 (−0.012, 0.016) | 0.001 (0.002, 0.003) |
Female | 0.669 (0.653, 0.686) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.003) | 0.000 (−0.023, 0.023) | −0.001 (−0.003, 0.001) | 0.492 (0.4, 0.494) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | −0.006 (−0.009, −0.002) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.001) |
Age group | ||||||||
20–39 | 0.654 (0.635, 0.672) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.004) | 0.004 (−0.023, 0.031) | −0.003 (−0.005, 0.000) | 0.491 (0.475, 0.508) | 0.002 (0.000, 0.003) | −0.009 (−0.033, 0.015) | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.001) |
40–64 | 0.670 (0.659, 0.681) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) | 0.004 (−0.012, 0.019) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) | 0.534 (0.526, 0.542) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) | −0.001 (−0.013, 0.011) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) |
65+ | 0.707 (0.691, 0.722) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.000 (−0.012, 0.013) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.496 (0.487, 0.506) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.000) | −0.004 (−0.018, 0.009) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) |
Health insurance | 0.668 (0.659, 0.678) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.002 (−0.008, 0.012) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.000) | 0.481 (0.473, 0.488) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | −0.006 (−0.016, 0.005) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) |
Medical Aid | 0.7782 (0.7642, 0.7922) | 0.0009 (−0.0004, 0.0023) | 0.0055 (−0.0154, 0.0264) | −0.0011 (−0.003, 0.0009) | 0.69 (0.686, 0.693) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.003) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) |
National Meritorious service | 0.8831 (0.7576, 1.0086) | 0.011 (−0.001, 0.023) | 0.0544 (−0.1496, 0.2583) | −0.0226 (−0.038, −0.0073) | 0.737 (0.555, 0.919) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.003) | 0.137 (0.077, 0.197) | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.007) |
Psychiatric disorder (−) | 0.572 (0.554, 0.590) | 0.002 (0.000, 0.004) | 0.000 (−0.026, 0.025) | −0.002 (−0.005, 0.000) | 0.319 (0.309, 0.328) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.001) | −0.007 (−0.015, 0.001) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) |
Psychiatric disorder (1) (+) | 0.746 (0.734, 0.758) | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.002) | −0.001 (−0.018, 0.016) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.002) | 0.546 (0.543, 0.549) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.003) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.001) |
CCI score | ||||||||
0 | 0.650 (0.631, 0.669) | 0.002 (0.000, 0.004) | 0.005 (−0.022, 0.032) | −0.003 (−0.005, 0.000) | 0.514 (0.505, 0.524) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.003 (−0.010, 0.016) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.002) |
1 and 2 | 0.669 (0.659, 0.679) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.004 (−0.006, 0.015) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.499 (0.492, 0.506) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.001) | −0.004 (−0.014, 0.006) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) |
≥3 | 0.717 (0.702, 0.732) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) | 0.001 (−0.013, 0.015) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) | 0.526 (0.523, 0.529) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | −0.006 (−0.009, −0.002) | 0.001 (0.001, 0.001) |
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Yang, B.-R.; Heo, K.-N.; Yu, Y.M.; Yeom, G.-B.; Choi, H.D.; Lee, J.-Y.; Ah, Y.-M. Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Changes in Zolpidem Use Due to Media Broadcasts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105114
Yang B-R, Heo K-N, Yu YM, Yeom G-B, Choi HD, Lee J-Y, Ah Y-M. Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Changes in Zolpidem Use Due to Media Broadcasts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105114
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Bo-Ram, Kyu-Nam Heo, Yun Mi Yu, Ga-Bin Yeom, Hye Duck Choi, Ju-Yeun Lee, and Young-Mi Ah. 2021. "Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Changes in Zolpidem Use Due to Media Broadcasts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105114