Evolution of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Worker Cohort: A Cluster Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Variables and Data Collection
2.3. Analysis
2.4. Ethical Issues
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
BODY MASS INDEX | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Point 1 | Time Point 2 | ||||||||||||
Q. 1 | Q. 2 | Q. 3 | Q. 4 | p | Q. 1 | Q. 2 | Q. 3 | Q. 4 | p | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
Time point 2 | Q. 1 | 814 (79.0%) | 143 (13.8%) | 15 (1.4%) | 2 (0.2%) | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Q. 1 | 819 (84.1%) | 156 (14.8%) | 11 (1.07%) | 1 (0.1%) | <0.001 |
Q. 2 | 203 (19.7%) | 660 (63.9%) | 182 (17.3%) | 10 (1.0%) | Q. 2 | 140 (14.4%) | 679 (64.4%) | 155 (15.1%) | 9 (0.8%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 14 (1.4%) | 221 (21.4%) | 658 (62.7%) | 134 (13.0%) | Q. 3 | 13 (1.3%) | 214 (20.3%) | 678 (66.0%) | 109 (10.0%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (0.9%) | 194 (18.5%) | 888 (85.9%) | Q. 4 | 2 (0.2%) | 6 (0.6%) | 183 (17.8%) | 972 (89.1%) | ||||
BLOOD GLUCOSE | |||||||||||||
Time point 1 | Time point 2 | ||||||||||||
Q. 1 | Q. 2 | Q. 3 | Q. 4 | p | Q. 1 | Q. 2 | Q. 3 | Q. 4 | p | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
Time point 2 | Q. 1 | 713 (64.0%) | 356 (35.2%) | 180 (16.8%) | 49 (5.2%) | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Q. 1 | 1103 (85.0%) | 790 (74.0%) | 458 (45.8%) | 107 (13.7%) | <0.001 |
Q. 2 | 260 (23.3%) | 351 (34.8%) | 359 (33.5%) | 98 (10.3%) | Q. 2 | 140 (10.8%) | 181 (16.9%) | 279 (27.9%) | 113 (14.5%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 106 (9.5%) | 239 (23.7%) | 372 (34.7%) | 282 (29.7%) | Q. 3 | 40 (3.1%) | 72 (6.7%) | 169 (16.9%) | 158 (20.2%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 35 (3.1%) | 64 (6.3%) | 161 (15.0%) | 522 (54.9%) | Q. 4 | 15 (1.2%) | 25 (2.3%) | 93 (9.3%) | 404 (51.7%) | ||||
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK SCORE | |||||||||||||
Time point 1 | Time point 2 | ||||||||||||
Q. 1 | Q. 2 | Q. 3 | Q. 4 | p | Q. 1 | Q. 2 | Q. 3 | Q. 4 | p | ||||
N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | ||||||
Time point 2 | Q. 1 | 722 (69.6%) | 15 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Q. 1 | 618 (83.9%) | 28 (4.0%) | 6 (0.5%) | 10 (0.6%) | <0.001 |
Q. 2 | 272 (26.2%) | 360 (34.8%) | 65 (6.3%) | 9 (0.9%) | Q. 2 | 115 (15.6%) | 353 (50.0%) | 85 (7.5%) | 18 (1.2%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 38 (3.7%) | 544 (52.6%) | 453 (43.8%) | 108 (10.4%) | Q. 3 | 3 (0.4%) | 296 (41.9%) | 636 (55.6%) | 154 (9.9%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 6 (0.6%) | 116 (11.2%) | 517 (50.0%) | 922 (88.7%) | Q. 4 | 1 (0.1%) | 29 (4.1%) | 416 (36.4%) | 1379 (88.3%) |
BODY MASS INDEX | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Point 1 | Time Point 2 | ||||||||||||
Q. 1 N (%) | Q. 2 N (%) | Q. 3 N (%) | Q. 4 N (%) | p | Q. 1 N (%) | Q. 2 N (%) | Q. 3 N (%) | Q. 4 N (%) | p | ||||
Cluster 1 | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Cluster 1 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Time point 2 | Q. 1 | 789 (80.4%) | 125 (17.2%) | 10 (3.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | Q. 1 | 786 (85.0%) | 126 (16.3%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
Q. 2 | 179 (18.2%) | 481 (66.1%) | 106 (31.9%) | 5 (8.6%) | Q. 2 | 127 (13.7%) | 515 (66.8%) | 76 (22.1%) | 4 (6.8%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 13 (1.3%) | 119 (16.3%) | 187 (56.3%) | 25 (43.1%) | Q. 3 | 11 (1.2%) | 126 (16.3%) | 220 (64.0%) | 18 (30.5%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.4%) | 29 (8.7%) | 27 (46.6%) | Q. 4 | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (0.5%) | 45 (13.1%) | 37 (62.7%) | ||||
Time point 2 | Cluster 2 | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Cluster 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Q. 1 | 25 (50.0%) | 18 (5.9%) | 5 (0.7%) | 1 (0.1%) | Q. 1 | 33 (67.3%) | 30 (10.6%) | 8 (1.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | ||||
Q. 2 | 24 (48.0%) | 179 (58.7%) | 76 (10.6%) | 5 (0.5%) | Q. 2 | 13 (26.5%) | 164 (57.7%) | 79 (11.6%) | 5 (0.5%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 1 (2.0%) | 102 (33.4%) | 471 (65.7%) | 109 (11.2%) | Q. 3 | 2 (4.1%) | 88 (31.0%) | 458 (67.1%) | 91 (8.8%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (2.0%) | 165 (23.0%) | 861 (88.2%) | Q. 4 | 1 (2.0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 138 (20.2%) | 935 (90.6%) | ||||
BLOOD GLUCOSE | |||||||||||||
Time point 1 | Time point 2 | ||||||||||||
Q. 1 N (%) | Q. 2 N (%) | Q. 3 N (%) | Q. 4 N (%) | p | Q. 1 N (%) | Q. 2 N (%) | Q. 3 N (%) | Q. 4 N (%) | p | ||||
Time point 2 | Cluster 1 | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Cluster 1 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Q. 1 | 487 (67.5%) | 249 (39.6%) | 96 (19.5%) | 27 (10.5%) | Q. 1 | 765 (89.1%) | 520 (81.4%) | 257 (58.4%) | 40 (24.8%) | ||||
Q. 2 | 172 (23.9%) | 234 (37.2%) | 193 (39.2%) | 40 (15.6%) | Q. 2 | 67 (7.8%) | 92 (14.4%) | 108 (24.5%) | 37 (23.0%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 52 (7.2%) | 133 (21.1%) | 162 (32.9%) | 93 (36.2%) | Q. 3 | 19 (2.2%) | 23 (3.6%) | 56 (12.7%) | 35 (21.7%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 10 (1.4%) | 13 (2.1%) | 41 (8.3%) | 97 (37.7%) | Q. 4 | 8 (0.9%) | 4 (0.6%) | 19 (4.3%) | 49 (30.4%) | ||||
Time point 2 | Cluster 2 | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Cluster 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Q. 1 | 226 (57.5%) | 107 (28.1%) | 84 (14.5%) | 22 (3.2%) | Q. 1 | 338 (77.0%) | 270 (62.9%) | 201 (36.0%) | 67 (10.8%) | ||||
Q. 2 | 88 (22.4%) | 117 (30.7%) | 166 (28.6%) | 58 (8.4%) | Q. 2 | 73 (16.6%) | 89 (20.7%) | 171 (30.6%) | 76 (12.2%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 54 (13.7%) | 106 (27.8%) | 210 (36.2%) | 189 (27.2%) | Q. 3 | 21 (4.8%) | 49 (11.4%) | 113 (20.2%) | 123 (19.8%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 25 (6.4%) | 51 (13.4%) | 120 (20.7%) | 425 (61.2%) | Q. 4 | 7 (1.6%) | 21 (4.9%) | 74 (13.2%) | 355 (57.2%) | ||||
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK SCORE | |||||||||||||
Time point 1 | Time point 2 | ||||||||||||
Q. 1 N (%) | Q. 2 N (%) | Q. 3 N (%) | Q. 4 N (%) | p | Q. 1 N (%) | Q. 2 N (%) | Q. 3 N (%) | Q. 4 N (%) | p | ||||
Time point 2 | Cluster 1 | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Cluster 1 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Q. 1 | 657 (74.7%) | 10 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | Q. 1 | 578 (86.7%) | 19 (4.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.5%) | ||||
Q. 2 | 200 (22.7%) | 215 (38.0%) | 31 (7.8%) | 4 (1.6%) | Q. 2 | 86 (12.9%) | 241 (53.6%) | 52 (9.4%) | 3 (0.7%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 23 (2.6%) | 298 (52.7%) | 192 (48.2%) | 40 (15.7%) | Q. 3 | 2 (0.3%) | 177 (39.3%) | 322 (58.2%) | 54 (12.6%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 0 (0.0%) | 43 (7.6%) | 175 (44.0%) | 211 (82.7%) | Q. 4 | 1 (0.2%) | 13 (2.9%) | 178 (32.2%) | 370 (86.2%) | ||||
Time point 2 | Cluster 2 | <0.001 | Time point 3 | Cluster 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Q. 1 | 65 (41.1%) | 5 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | Q. 1 | 40 (57.1%) | 9 (3.5%) | 5 (0.9%) | 8 (0.7%) | ||||
Q. 2 | 72 (45.6%) | 145 (30.9%) | 34 (5.3%) | 5 (0.6%) | Q. 2 | 29 (41.4%) | 112 (43.8%) | 33 (5.6%) | 15 (1.3%) | ||||
Q. 3 | 15 (9.5%) | 246 (52.5%) | 261 (41.0%) | 68 (8.7%) | Q. 3 | 1 (1.4%) | 119 (46.5%) | 314 (53.2%) | 100 (8.8%) | ||||
Q. 4 | 6 (3.8%) | 73 (15.6%) | 342 (53.7%) | 711 (90.7%) | Q. 4 | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (6.3%) | 238 (40.3%) | 1009 (89.1%) |
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Variables | Time Point 1 | Time Point 2 | Time Point 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data | Imputed | Real | Imputed | Real | Imputed | Real |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 (3.5) | 27.6 (3.5) | 27.8 (3.7) | 27.8 (3.7) | 27.9 (3.8) | 27.8 (3.8) |
Wc- Cholesterol (cm) | 96.8 (9.7) | 96.8 (9.6) | 97.4 (10.0) | 97.3 (10.0) | 98.1 (10.8) | 97.7 (10.5) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 52.4 (10.9) | 52.4 (11.0) | 53.8 (11.3) | 54.1 (11.3) | 51.5 (12.9) | 51.0 (12.4) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.7 (18.7) | 97.7 (18.7) | 98.4 (19.5) | 96.5 (19.5) | 89.9 (21.5) | 88.1 (18.6) |
SCORE | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.4 (2.2) | 2.1 (1.7) |
Quantitative Variables | Time Point 1 Mean (SD) | Time Point 2 Mean (SD) | Time Point 3 Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 48.00 (8.42) | 51.49 (8.27) | 53.00 (8.25) | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.00 (14.14) | 124.00 (14.25) | 128.89 (15.00) | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.44 (9.82) | 79.80 (9.39) | 81.36 (9.68) | |
Weight (kg) | 81.64 (11.47) | 82.10 (11.92) | 82.66 (12.38) | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 96.81 (9.61) | 97.30 (10.00) | 97.73 (10.53) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.61 (3.54) | 27.77 (3.67) | 27.84 (3.80) | |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.45 (11.00) | 54.07 (11.30) | 51.00 (12.40) | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 212.18 (37.62) | 205.93 (34.75) | 187.96 (32.85) | |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.70 (18.75) | 96.51 (19.46) | 88.06 (18.60) | |
SCORE | 1.56 (1.40) | 2.05 (1.73) | 2.09 (1.74) | |
Categorical Variables | Time Point 1 N (%) | Time Point 2 N (%) | Time Point 3 N (%) | |
Smoking status | Smoker | 1488 (36.82) | 1235 (32.19) | 1156 (32.65) |
Non-smoker | 1087 (26.90) | 925 (24.11) | 853 (24.09) | |
Ex-smoker | 1466 (36.28) | 1677 (43.71) | 1532 (43.26) | |
Body mass index groups | Normal weight | 938 (23.05) | 846 (22.01) | 762 (22.38) |
Overweight | 2223 (54.63) | 2088 (54.33) | 1813 (54.25) | |
Obesity | 908 (22.32) | 909 (23.65) | 830 (24.38) |
Variables | Time Point | Cluster 1 N = 2099 | Cluster 2 N = 2048 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Age | Time point 1 | 44.2 (9.58) | 51.7 (4.59) | <0.001 |
Time point 2 | 47.6 (9.58) | 55.2 (4.63) | <0.001 | |
Time point 3 | 50.6 (9.55) | 58.1 (4.58) | <0.001 | |
WC | Time point 1 | 90.5 (6.80) | 103 (7.72) | <0.001 |
Time point 2 | 90.6 (6.61) | 104 (8.06) | <0.001 | |
Time point 3 | 91.2 (7.31) | 105 (8.97) | <0.001 | |
BMI | Time point 1 | 25.3 (2.30) | 30.0 (3.04) | <0.001 |
Time point 2 | 25.4 (2.25) | 30.2 (3.22) | <0.001 | |
Time point 3 | 25.6 (2.41) | 30.4 (3.49) | <0.001 | |
Glucose | Time point 1 | 92.9 (11.7) | 103.0 (22.9) | <0.001 |
Time point 2 | 91.0 (11.5) | 102.0 (24.1) | <0.001 | |
Time point 3 | 83.4 (11.7) | 96.5 (26.7) | <0.001 | |
HDL | Time point 1 | 55.0 (11.3) | 49.9 (9.94) | <0.001 |
Time point 2 | 56.8 (11.8) | 50.9 (9.96) | <0.001 | |
Time point 3 | 54.1 (13.4) | 48.9 (11.8) | <0.001 | |
SCORE | Time point 1 | 1.02 (1.03) | 2.12 (1.55) | <0.001 |
Time point 2 | 1.38 (1.27) | 2.74 (1.85) | <0.001 | |
Time point 3 | 1.62 (1.49) | 3.27 (2.49) | <0.001 |
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Castel-Feced, S.; Maldonado, L.; Aguilar-Palacio, I.; Malo, S.; Moreno-Franco, B.; Mur-Vispe, E.; Alcalá-Nalvaiz, J.-T.; Rabanaque-Hernández, M.J. Evolution of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Worker Cohort: A Cluster Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115610
Castel-Feced S, Maldonado L, Aguilar-Palacio I, Malo S, Moreno-Franco B, Mur-Vispe E, Alcalá-Nalvaiz J-T, Rabanaque-Hernández MJ. Evolution of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Worker Cohort: A Cluster Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115610
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastel-Feced, Sara, Lina Maldonado, Isabel Aguilar-Palacio, Sara Malo, Belén Moreno-Franco, Eusebio Mur-Vispe, José-Tomás Alcalá-Nalvaiz, and María José Rabanaque-Hernández. 2021. "Evolution of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Worker Cohort: A Cluster Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115610